1. IFAD Partner Logo Nutritional management of dairy animals Y. Ramana Reddy Milk IT Project Nainital, Uttarakhand, India 06-07 November, 2014

2. Physiological stages- Dairy cattle Calf Heifer Pregnancy Lactation

3. Calf feeding

4. Colostrum feeding Give with in 30-60 mts 2.0 kg with in few hours 10% of B. wt. for 30 kg calf - 3 l/d

5. Why colostrum feeding At birth A calf has no defense against infectious agents Colostrum feeding increases the chances of survival.

6. Effects of amounts of colostrum fed and time of feeding relative to birth on the transfer of IgG

7. Colostrum composition Item Colostrum Protein 4X Minerals 3X Energy 2 X Vitamins 10X Immunogl 6X

8. Colostrum and calf diseases (first 12 h of birth) Amount fed (kg) Mortality (%)* 2 to 415.3 5 to 89.9 8 to 106.5 * Average mortality from 1 wk to 6 m of age

9. Liquid feeding program for dairy calves

10. Milk temperature 37 o C

11. Pneumonia in calves

12.  Individual housing (floor pens or hutches) helps keep the calf healthy

13. Calf starter Offer at one week of age Contains high level of coarse grains

14. Advantages of calf starter Early weaning Wean at low cost Faster rumen development

15. Development of ruminant stomach Milk fed up to 12 wks Calf starter fed

16. Composition of grain starter Ingredient% of total ration Maize50.0 Soybean meal12.8 Wheat bran10.0 Linseed meal10.0 Distillers grain10.0 Molasses5.0 Limestone1.9 Trace mineral premix0.20 Vitamin supplement0.05 Others ( Coccidiostat, buffer) As needed

17. Nutrient composition of calf starter Nutrient % in the ration Crude protein 20.7 TDN80.0 Ca0.94 P0.52 Trace minerals 0.28

18. Water Offer at 4 days of age Limit water for calves <3 wks of age

19. Calf - forage feeding When can we feed forage (hay) At 1 month of age

20. What type of forage Avoid high quality hay (bloat) Quality hay when consuming 3-5 lb calf starter Avoid high moisture forages/grains for calves < 3 months old

21. Feeding of a palatable grain starter and water allows rapid development of the rumen and early weaning

23. When would I wean my calf from milk/milk replacer? > 700 g of calf starter in addition to hay and milk replacer

24. Growth trend in calves

25. Feed conversion in calves

26. Planned heifer rearingBreedBirthwt(kg)BreedingCalvingADG(kg)AdultWt(kg)Wt(kg)Age(mo.)Wt(kg)Age(mo.) HF40-45360-40014-16544-62023-250.74650-725 Jersey25-30225-26013-15360-42522-240.50425-500

27. Concentrate mixture for young calves IngredientProportion Maize38 GNC32 Wheat bran 20 Molasses7 Mineral Mix. 2 Salt1

28. Housing heifers

29. Age of calving – milk production

30. Feeding during pregnancy Last 2 months of pregnancy critical Follow challenge feeding Start with 0.5kg grain and increase gradually to 1.5-2.0kg/d

31. Body condition score BCS 1.5 BCS 3.0BCS 4.5

32. Recommended body condition scores at various stages of lactation Calving3.0 to 3.5 Breeding2.5 Late lactation3.0 to 3.5 Dry period3.0 to 3.5

33. Effect of body condition score (BCS) losses in early lactation on conception rate Loss in BCS Conception rate Less than 1 unit 50% From 1 to 2 units 34% More than 2 units 21%

34. Feeding during lactation

35. Energy gap in dairy cows

36. Impact of negative energy balance

37. Effects of a cow’s condition on conception rate Cow’s condition Total No. of services Total No. of pregnant Services/conception Conception rate (%) Gaining weight 13689111.5067 Loosing weight 5442342.3244

38. Feeding program for high yielding dairy cows Total Daily Ration Feeding Program 15 kg silage 4 kg hay 3 kg brewers grain 2.7 kg sugar beet pulp 1.8 kg barley 3.6 kg dairy compound 5.00 a.m. Dairy compound feed while milking 6.00 a.m. SBP and Hay in yards 10.00 a.m. Barley and silage in yards 4.30 a.m. Dairy compound feed while milking 5.00 p.m. Brewers grain in yards 9.00 p.m. Dairy compound feed and hay in yards

39. Concentrate feeding for various milk production levels by dairy cows fed Forages of low medium and high quality (500 kg cow) Milk production when forage quality is Conc. Mix (BF 4%) PoorMediumHigh --413-- --6150.5 --8171.3 210192.2 412213.0 614233.9 816254.7 1018275.6

40. Thank you