1. Biogeochemical Cycles of Matter How the earth RECYCLES
Identify and describe the flow of nutrients in each biogeochemical cycle.
Explain the impact that humans have on the biogeochemical cycles.

2. Biogeochemical Cycles
“Bio” -Biology
“Geo” -Geology
“Chemical” -Chemistry
Elements, chemical compounds & other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another in cycles.

3. Biogeochemical Cycles
All MATTER IS RECYCLED by:
Atmospheric Gasses
Bodies of Water
Abiotic Factors (non-living)
Ex. Rocks, Soil
Biotic Organisms (living)
Ex. Plants, Animals, Decomposers

4. Earth Reuses & Recycles
Figure 3.32
Natural capital: simplified model of the sulfur cycle. The movement of sulfur compounds in living organisms is shown in green, blue in aquatic systems, and orange in the atmosphere. QUESTION: What are three ways in which your lifestyle directly or indirectly affects the sulfur cycle?
How do humans impact this process?

5. Life on Earth Requires Ecosystems survive using: Energy Transfer
Cycling of Matter
Gravity

6. Matter Recycle and Energy Flow
Matter is recycled globally.
Energy is transferred universally.

7. Don’t forget….. Law of Conservation of Energy
ENERGY is NOT recycled
Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed from one form to another

8. Types of Thermal Energy Transfer
Conduction - transfer of energy through from particle to particle (metal spoon in pot)

9. Types of Thermal Energy Transfer
Convection - transfer of heat energy by the movement of the warmed matter such as in a gas or liquid (steam from hot coffee, hot-air balloon)

10. Types of Thermal Energy Transfer
Radiation - waves that directly transport energy through space (sunlight)

11. Examples of Energy Transfer
What are other examples?
video

12. Photosynthesis Autotrophic (producers) do this process to make energy.
Sunlight
6 CO2
CO2
6 H2O
C6H12O6
Sugar + +
6 O2 O2
Autotrophic (producers) do this process to make energy.
Need: Carbon Dioxide, Sunlight and Water
Produces: Sugar, and Oxygen

13. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 Sugar + 6 O2 O2 6 CO2 CO2 + 6 H2O
Plants also undergo Cellular Respiration when conditions don’t favor photosynthesis. .
Need: Sugar, and Oxygen
Produces: Carbon Dioxide and Water

14. The Carbon-Oxygen Connection
The processes of PHOTOSYNTHESIS and RESPIRATION are connected because
Photosynthesis takes in CO2 and produces O2, USING energy & Respiration takes in O2 and produces CO2, RELEASING energy

15. JIGSAW GROUP ACTIVITY
One person from each table will become an expert on their cycle.
Each expert will report back to their table and teach a lesson on their cycle.
Every expert must record the information while researching.
All students will illustrate and explain each of the cycles in their notebook by the end of class.

16. JIGSAW GROUP ACTIVITY EXPECTATIONS :
Research & understand the process of the biogeochemical cycle you are to become an expert on.
In your notebook or on paper, draw and illustrate the cycle with explanations. You will use this to teach the other members of your group.

17. JIGSAW GROUP ACTIVITY INCLUDE:
CYCLE DIAGRAM
EXPLANATION / BULLET POINTS
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FOR EACH CYCLE:
Why is this cycle important to the ecosystem?
What are 2 ways humans may impact the cycle?
Are they positive or negative?

19. Water Cycle Facts
There are strong forces of attraction between molecules of water.
Water exists as a liquid over a wide temperature range.
Liquid water changes temperature slowly.
It takes a large amount of energy for water to evaporate.
Liquid water can dissolve a variety of compounds.
Water expands when it freezes.

20. Condensation Transpiration Evaporation Precipitation Precipitation
Rain clouds
Transpiration
Evaporation
Precipitation to land
Transpiration from plants
Precipitation
Precipitation
Evaporation from land
Evaporation from ocean
Surface runoff (rapid)
Runoff
Precipitation to ocean
Infiltration and Percolation
Surface runoff (rapid)
Figure 3.26
Natural capital: simplified model of the hydrologic cycle.
Groundwater movement (slow)
Ocean storage
Fig. 3-26, p. 72

21. Effects of Human Activities on Water Cycle
We alter the water cycle by:
Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater.
Clearing vegetation and eroding soils.
Polluting surface and underground water.
Contributing to climate change.

22. The Nitrogen Cycle

25. Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle
We alter the nitrogen cycle by:
Adding gases that contribute to acid rain.
Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through farming practices which can warm the atmosphere and deplete ozone.
Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in inorganic fertilizers.
Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through deforestation.

26. Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle
Human activities such as production of fertilizers now fix more nitrogen than all natural sources combined.
Figure 3-30

27. The Carbon Cycle

28. Figure 3.27
Natural capital: simplified model of the global carbon cycle. Carbon moves through both marine ecosystems (left side) and terrestrial ecosystems (right side). Carbon reservoirs are shown as boxes; processes that change one form of carbon to another are shown in unboxed print. QUESTION: What are three ways in which your lifestyle directly or indirectly affects the carbon cycle? (From Cecie Starr, Biology: Concepts and Applications, 4th ed., Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, © 2000)
Fig. 3-27, pp

30. Effects of Human Activities on Carbon Cycle
We alter the carbon cycle by adding excess CO2 to the atmosphere through:
Burning fossil fuels.
Clearing vegetation faster than it is replaced.
Figure 3-28

31. The Carbon-Oxygen Cycle

32. The Phosphorus Cycle

33. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34. mining Fertilizer excretion Guano agriculture weathering uptake by
autotrophs
uptake by
autotrophs
leaching, runoff
Marine
Food
Webs
Dissolved
in Ocean
Water
Dissolved
in Soil Water,
Lakes, Rivers
Land
Food
Webs
death,
decomposition
death,
decomposition
Figure 3.31
Natural capital: simplified model of the phosphorus cycle. Phosphorus reservoirs are shown as boxes; processes that change one form of phosphorus to another are shown in unboxed print. QUESTION: What are three ways in which your lifestyle directly or indirectly affects the phosphorus cycle? (From Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9th ed., Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth © 2001)
weathering
sedimentation
settling out
uplifting over
geologic time
Marine Sediments
Rocks
Fig. 3-31, p. 77

35. Effects of Human Activities on the Phosphorous Cycle
We remove large amounts of phosphate from the earth to make fertilizer.
We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by clearing forests.
We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers.

36. The Sulfur Cycle - Atmospheric sulfur Volatilization Atmospheric
Component
Input to soil
Loss from soil
Atmospheric
sulfur
Volatilization
Atmospheric
deposition
Crop
harvest
SO2 gas
Mineral
fertilizers
Plant
residues
Animal
manures
and biosolids
Elemental
sulfur
Runoff and
erosion
Absorbed or
mineral sulfur
Plant
uptake
Oxidation
Organic
sulfur
Bacterial oxidation
Reduced sulfur
Immobilization
Sulfate
Sulfur
(SO4)
Bacterial reduction
Mineralization -
Leaching

37. Effects of Human Activities on the Sulfur Cycle
We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by:
Burning coal and oil
Refining sulfur containing petroleum.
Convert sulfur-containing metallic ores into free metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing sulfur dioxide into the environment.

38. Transformations Examples of Transformations
Carbon cycle: Organic compounds to CO2 (processes: respiration, decomposition, or fire)
Carbon cycle: CO2 to organic compounds (process: photosynthesis)
Nitrogen cycle: N2 to NO3 (atmospheric nitrogen to plant utilizable nitrate) (process: N-fixation)
Nitrogen cycle: N2 to NH3 (plant utilizable ammonia) (process: Haber-Bosch Industrial N-fixation)
Water cycle: Liquid water to water vapor (process: evaporation and evapo-transpiration)
Water cycle: Water vapor to liquid water (process: condensation)

39. The Gaia Hypothesis: Is the Earth Alive?
Some have proposed that the earth’s various forms of life control or at least influence its chemical cycles and other earth-sustaining processes.
The strong Gaia hypothesis: life controls the earth’s life-sustaining processes.
The weak Gaia hypothesis: life influences the earth’s life-sustaining processes.