1. Biodiversity and Conservation7
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Biodiversity Bio – Life Diversity – Variety Includes three types:
Lesson 7.1 Our Planet of Life
Biodiversity
Bio – Life Diversity – Variety
Includes three types:
Genetic diversity: Differences in DNA among individuals
Species diversity: Variety of species in a given area
Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, ecosystems, communities
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity

3. Species Diversity
Currently 1.8 million different species
9,700 Birds
10,500 Reptiles and Amphibian
1 million Insects!!!
Species – group of organisms that can breed with each other to produce fertile offspring

4. Classification Taxonomists classify species based on 2 criteria:
Lesson 7.1 Our Planet of Life
Classification
Taxonomists classify species based on 2 criteria:
1.Physical appearance
2. Genetic makeup.
Species are given a two-part name Ex. Homo sapien
Organisms are placed into taxa based on shared similarities:
Kingdom King
Phylum Phyl
Class Came
Order Over
Family For
Genus Great
Species Soup

5. Subspecies—populations with genetically based characteristics that differ area to area but can interbreed

6. Speciation Population may be separated by physical barriers
(water, mountains, roads) and no longer be able to interbreed.
Somehow be exposed to different environmental conditions that exerts evolutionary pressure to develop in different ways.
Result is 1 species evolves into 2 distinct species
Ex. Kaibab squirrel – Grand Canyon
White tail deer vs. Florida key deer

7. Biodiversity is Not Fully Measured
Lesson 7.1 Our Planet of Life
Biodiversity is Not Fully Measured
There are likely between 5 and 30 million species on Earth that have been undiscovered.
Species can be difficult to find and identify. Possibly many have been driven to extinction without ever being first discovered.
Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.
Orangutan in an Indonesian rain forest

8. Genetic Diversity
Diversity in the genetic information that determines traits
Found among organisms in the same species which is necessary to help the population survive
Ex. A gene that provides protection against a disease.
This variety makes it more likely that at least some individuals will survive an environmental change and pass the trait to their offspring. - Process of Natural Selection
“Survival of the Fittest” drives evolutionary change

9. Ecosystem Diversity Mud puddles to Oceans…..
Ecosystems come in all sizes
Provide different living conditions to support the needs of different species
Ecosystem diversity is necessary for supporting species diversity

10. Benefits of Biodiversity

11. Biodiversity provides “Free” Ecosystem Services
Lesson 7.1 Our Planet of Life
Biodiversity provides “Free” Ecosystem Services
Food, Fuel, Fiber, Fun!
Provides oxygen and nutrient recycling (decomposition, N2 fixing)
Captures sunlight and converts it into usable energy
Controls Pests
Purifies air and water
Controls floods
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:

12. Other Benefits of Biodiversity
Lesson 7.1 Our Planet of Life
Other Benefits of Biodiversity
Agriculture: Wild strains are cross-bred with related crops to transfer beneficial traits.
Medicine: Organisms contain compounds that are useful for treating disease.
Ecotourism: Environmentally responsible tourism is a source of income for many nations.
The yew tree, an original source of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug
Did You Know? Of the 150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.

13. Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity losses caused by humans are common in our history. Hunting and forest cutting drove the passenger pigeon—once North America’s most numerous bird—into extinction.

14. Natural Biodiversity Loss
Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Natural Biodiversity Loss
Background extinctions:
Extinction is a natural phenomena
Mass extinctions:
When extinction rates far exceed the normal background rate
There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history which caused 1/2 of all species to go extinct.
Dinosaur extinctions were part of a mass extinction.

15. Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity at Risk
The current extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times greater than the natural background rate.
Presently over 1300 species in the U.S. are classified endangered or threatened
Endangered: At serious risk of extinction
Threatened: Likely to become endangered soon through all or part of its range
Extirpated: Loss of population from a given area but not of entire species worldwide
Giant panda, an endangered species

16. Major Causes of Biodiversity Loss
Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Major Causes of Biodiversity Loss
#1 Habitat changes
(Loss, degradation, fragmentation)
Invasive species
Pollution
Overharvesting
Siberian tiger

17. Habitat Change and Loss
Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Habitat Change and Loss
Greatest cause of biodiversity loss
Organisms, adapted to their habitat, decline in population when the habitat changes.
Habitat fragmentation: Patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat
In general, larger habitat fragments can support greater biodiversity than smaller fragments.
Did You Know? Habitat change or destruction is the primary cause of population decline in more than 80% of threatened birds and mammals.

18. Env. Engineering Wildlife Corridors
Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
Env. Engineering Wildlife Corridors
Connect habitat fragments enabling once-isolated populations to interbreed
Interbreeding increases genetic diversity.

19. Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Invasive Species
Invasive species can out-compete and displace native species. May be introduced and have no natural predators or competitors -- “Species Gone Wild!!”
.Threats in PA –
Stink bug – decimating apple crop in southcentral PA
Hemlock Wooly Adelgid – this sucks!
Fluid sucking aphid insect which creates a protective
wooly “cocoon”killing our state tree
* Spotted Lanternfly Moth – newest invasive to Berks Co. 2014 .

20. Brown Marmoted Stink Bug

21. Hemlock Wooly Adelgid

22. Spotted Lanternfly Moth
September 22, 2014 – Invasive species first identified appearance in the United States in Berks County, PA
November 1, Quarantined movement of materials

23. Destructive Pest to our Economy
Potential Effects to PA economy :
$20.5 million grape
$134 million apple
$24 million stone fruit industries
$12 billion Pine and hardwood

24. Egg masses can also be found on trees, especially Ailanthus alitissima (Tree of Heaven) and other smooth bark trees.
Smooth surfaces outdoors such as
lawn furniture,
stone and brick work, and
outdoor recreational vehicles
These masses pose a great risk for the
accidental transport of this pest to new areas.
Egg masses are present in October and
will hatch in the spring starting as early as April.

25. Any living stage of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula
Any living stage of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. This includes egg masses, nymphs, and adults.
Brush, debris, bark, or yard waste
Landscaping, remodeling or construction waste
Logs, stumps, or any tree parts
Firewood of any species
Grapevines for decorative purposes or as nursery stock
Nursery stock
Crated materials
Outdoor household articles including recreational vehicles, lawn tractors and mowers, mower decks, grills, grill and furniture covers, tarps, mobile homes, tile, stone, deck boards, mobile fire pits, any associated equipment and trucks or vehicles not stored indoors.

26. Pollution
Harmful chemicals and materials that make their way into habitats can poison people and wildlife.
Ex. DDT concentrated in reproductive organs of top carnivorous birds of prey and prevented hardening of the eggshell

27. Overharvesting
, species can be driven toward extinction by hunting or overharvesting by humans
Ex. Passenger pigeons

28. Climate Change Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity loss
Lesson 7.2 Extinction and Biodiversity Loss
Climate Change
Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity loss
Unlike the other factors, climate change will have a potentially global effect on biodiversity.
Did You Know? Scientists predict that a 1.5–2.5C global temperature increase could put 20–30% of plant and animal species at increased risk of extinction.

29. Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
Just 2.3% of the planet’s land surface is home to 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of its vertebrate animal species.

30. The Endangered Species Act
Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
The Endangered Species Act
U.S. law that protects biodiversity, passed in 1973
Has three major parts:
Forbids governments and citizens from harming listed species and habitats
Forbids trade in products made from listed species
Requires U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to maintain official list of endangered and threatened species, and to develop recovery plan for each listed species
Did You Know? In part because of the Endangered Species Act, 40% of populations that were once declining in the U.S. are now stable.

31. International Cooperation
Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
International Cooperation
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1975): Bans international trade in body parts of endangered species.
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992): International treaty to conserve biodiversity and ensure its responsible use and distribution
Ivory products, made from elephant tusks

32. Single-Species Approaches to Conservation
Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
Single-Species Approaches to Conservation
Captive breeding programs: Raising and breeding organisms in controlled conditions, such as zoos or aquariums
Species Survival Plan: Program to save individual species, includes captive breeding, education, and research
Cloning: Inserting DNA from an endangered species into a cultured egg cell; process involves implanting eggs into mothers of closely related species
Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi
Did You Know? The Species Survival Plan for the golden lion tamarin started with only 91 individuals. As of 2007, there were nearly 500 tamarins in zoos, and 150 reintroduced into the wild.

33. Biodiversity Hotspots
Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
Biodiversity Hotspots
The “hotspot approach” focuses attention on areas where the greatest number of species can be protected with the least effort.
Hotspots have:
At least 1500 plant species found nowhere else in the world
Already lost 70% of their habitat as a result of human activity
The 34 biodiversity hotspots are home to 50% of Earth’s plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrate species.
Northern Pintail ducks, Honshu, Japan Japan is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots.

34. Economic Approaches to Conservation
Lesson 7.3 Protecting Biodiversity
Economic Approaches to Conservation
Many conservation efforts today attempt to balance protection of land and wildlife with the economic interests of local people:
Debt-for-nature swap: Conservation organizations raise money to pay off a nation’s debt in return for improved conservation measures.
Conservation concession: Conservation organizations buy the rights to conserve resources, instead of harvesting them.
“Clean and Green” in PA