1. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA: A BLENDING OF CULTURES

2. SECTION 1: MEXICO

3. NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CONQUEST  Many native groups  Toltecs, Maya, and Aztecs are major groups  Spanish Conquest began in 1519 when Hernando Cortés landed  Conquered Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital) by 1521

4. COLONY AND COUNTRY  Mexico became a Spanish colony  Independence won in 1821  1822: Agustín Iturbide declares himself emperor  Mid 1800s: Benito Juaréz becomes the first president of Mexico

5. COLONY AND COUNTRY CONTINUED  Porfirio Díaz succeeds Juárez  He was dishonest  Led to revolution led by Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata  1917: new constitution adopted—redistributes land to peasants

6. ONE-PARTY RULE  1929: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) rises to prominence  Did not tolerate opposition  Led to corruption  Ousted in 1997  2000: Vicente Fox becomes first non-PRI president in 71 years

7. A MEETING OF CULTURES

8. AZTECS AND THE SPANISH  Aztecs came from northern Mexico  C. 1200 A.D.: Settled in Tenochtitlán in Lake Texcoco  Performed human sacrifices  1521: Cortés destroys Tenochtitlan and builds Mexico City on top

9. AZTECS AND SPANISH CONTINUED  Spanish brought language, Catholicism  Mestizos: people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage

10. MEXICAN PAINTERS  Painting became public art  Large murals on public buildings  Famous artists: José Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Siquerios, and Juan O’Gorman, Frida Kahlo

11. ECONOMICS

12. OIL AND MANUFACTURING  Large oil reserves  Manufacturing is the most important  Maquiladoras: factories that assemble imported materials into finished products that are then exported  Many are companies from the U.S.

13. NAFTA  North American Free Trade Agreement  1994  Goal: eliminate trade and investment barriers between Mexico, U.S., and Canada

14. EMIGRATION, WORK, AND SCHOOL  2000 mile border with the U.S.  Many leave to search for work  Many uneducated in Mexico

15. SECTION 2: CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

16. MAYA INFLUENCE  Mayans built cities in present-day Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras  Central city was Tikal, in northern Guatemala

17. SPANISH IN CENTRAL AMERICA  Spain ruled Central America until the 19 th century  Mexico ruled it until 1823  United Provinces of Central America declared independence from Mexico  Late 1830s: UPCA split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras

18. CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES  1492: Columbus reaches Caribbean islands  Called natives “Los Indios”  They were the Taino  Spanish settled and set up sugar plantations  Used Taino as slave--- many died of disease and abuse

19. CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES CONTINUED  African slaves were brought to replace Taino  The Caribbean today is heavily influenced by African life and culture

20. COLONIAL MOSAIC  By 19 th century, Spanish, French, Dutch, British, and Danish all had Caribbean claims  They relied on sugar  This brought more and more African slaves

21. CARIBBEAN INDEPENDENCE  1790s: Haiti becomes first independence movement in Latin America  Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture  Won in 1804  Cuba independent from Spain in 1898  Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962 from Britain

22. CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA  2 major elements:  1) Native American influence  2) Spanish  Catholicism is major religion

23. CULTURE OF THE CARIBBEAN  Spanish, Dutch, French, British, Danish, African, and Native American influences  Mix of Catholic and Protestant  Santeria, Voodoo (Haiti), and Rastafarianism (Jamaica)

24. ECONOMICS: JOBS AND PEOPLE

25. FARMING AND TRADE  Caribbean: Sugar is largest export crop  Bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, and spices also important  Pay is low for workers  Per-capita income low  Central America: commercial farming  Panama Canal: canal running through Panama, connecting the Atlantic Pacific Oceans

26. WHERE PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY  Central America: Most live in rural areas because most people work on farms  Caribbean: most live in cities  Hope to find jobs in tourism

27. POPULAR CULTURE, TOURISM, AND JOBS

28. MUSIC OF THE CARIBBEAN  Calypso: music that began in Trinidad and combines musical elements from Africa, Spain, and the Caribbean  Reggae: music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion

29. TOURISM AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY  Hotels and resorts are an important industry in the Caribbean  Informal economy: jobs outside official channels, w/o benefits for workers  Ex: street vendors

30. SECTION 3: SPANISH-SPEAKING SOUTH AMERICA

31. INCA  Civilization in the Andes (Peru)  Centered in Cuzco  Empire extended 2500 miles at height  Built roads

32. SPANISH CONQUEST  Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca empire  Harsh treatment of natives  Inca language Quechua, taken over by Spanish  Quechua is still spoken today

33. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS  Began in 1 st half of 19 th century  Simón Bolívar led rebellions for Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia  José de San Martín helped to liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru

34. GOVERNMENT BY THE FEW  Oligarchy (rule by few) and military rule are common in S. America  Authoritarian rule— obedience to authority over individual freedom—also is common

35. CULTURAL MOSAIC

36. LITERATURE  Gabriel Garciá Márquez (Colombia)  Most famous S. American author  Won Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982

37. MUSIC  Pop music and folk music  Music combines Indian, African, and European elements  Classical music is also very important throughout the region

38. ARTS AND CRAFTS  Artisan works popular  Pottery, textiles, glasswork, and metalwork  Mix of aesthetics and usefulness

39. ECONOMICS: RESOURCES AND TRADE  Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana: crops for export  Colombia and Venezuela: oil, coffee, narcotics  Peru and Ecuador: fishing  Argentina: grain and livestock  Paraguay: beans, cotton

40. CHILE’S SUCCESS STORY  S. America’s economic success story  Rich mines (copper is Chile’s largest export)  Fruits and vegetables  Associate member of Mercosur: an economic common market that began operations in 1995 (Think of NAFTA)

41. LITERACY IN S. AMERICA  Higher literacy rates than Central America  Literacy rate among women is about equal with men

42. LITERACY IN CHILE  Literacy rate is 95% in Chile  98% among those 15- 19  Education is highly valued in Chile

43. SECTION 4: BRAZIL

44. HISTORY: A DIVIDED CONTINENT  Spain and Portugal were competing for colonies  To avoid conflict, Pope Alexander VI created the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)  This divided the world between Spain and Portugal  Portugal got Brazil in S. America

45. PORTUGUESE CONQUEST  Colonists arrive early 1500s  1-5 million natives already there  Search for gold and silver was fruitless  Sugar plantations set up instead  Settlement patterns were on the coast  African slaves brought

46. INDEPENDENCE FOR BRAZIL  Napoleon defeated in 1815  Demand for independence  Petitioned the king of Portugal  People asked that Dom Pedro, son of the king, rule the independent Brazil  Sept. 1822: Brazil declared independent

47. A mix of Portuguese, African, and Native elements… A NATIONAL CULTURE

48. THE PEOPLE OF BRAZIL  Only around 200,000 natives remain  Many immigrants  They come from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain, Lebanon, and Syria  Brazil has largest Japanese population outside of Japan

49. LANGUAGE AND RELIGION  Speak Portuguese  Catholic majority (largest Catholic population in the world)  20% Protestant  Other: mix of African and Catholic practices

50. Brazil is a growing economic power. It has abundant natural resources AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS

51. AN INDUSTRIAL POWER  Rich in iron, bauxite, tin, manganese  Gold, silver, titanium, chromite, tungsten, and quartz also available  Hydroelectricity  Large oil and natural gas reserves  One of the most industrialized countries in S. America

52. MIGRATION TO CITIES  Large gap between rich and poor  Urbanization occurs to improve life  87% now live in cities

53. MIGRATION TO THE INTERIOR  Capital city of Brasília built in 1957 to attract people to the interior  Commercial ag in the Cerrado (Great Plains of S. America) draws new jobs to interior

54. BRAZILIAN LIFE TODAY

55. FROM CARNIVAL TO MARTIAL ARTS  Carnival: most colorful feast day in Brazil  Big in Rio de Janeiro  Samba: Brazilian dance with African influences  Capoeira: martial art; blends Brazilian dance; brought from Angola

56. CITY LIFE IN RIO DE JANEIRO  Rio is the cultural center of Brazil  Sugarloaf Mountain, Guanabara Bay, Copacabana Beach are popular tourist sites  Favelas: very poor slums—high crime rate