1. CUBICULUM OF LEONIS, CATACOMB OF COMMODILLA Near Rome. Late 4th century. [Fig. 07-01]

2. THE LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE WORLD [Map 07-01]

3. ARK OF THE COVENANT AND MENORAHS Wall painting in a Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia, Rome. 3rd century. 3'11" × 5'9" (1.19 × 1.8 m). [Fig ]
ARK OF THE COVENANT AND MENORAHS Wall painting in a Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia, Rome. 3rd century. 3'11" × 5'9" (1.19 × 1.8 m). [Fig ]

4. WALL WITH TORAH NICHE From a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria
WALL WITH TORAH NICHE From a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria CE. Tempera on plaster, section approx. 40' (12.19 m) long. Reconstructed in the National Museum, Damascus, Syria. [Fig ]
WALL WITH TORAH NICHE From a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria CE. Tempera on plaster, section approx. 40' (12.19 m) long. Reconstructed in the National Museum, Damascus, Syria. [Fig ]

5. THE CROSSING OF THE RED SEA Detail of a wall painting from a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria CE. National Museum, Damascus, Syria. [Fig ]
THE CROSSING OF THE RED SEA Detail of a wall painting from a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria CE. National Museum, Damascus, Syria. [Fig ]

6. A CLOSER LOOK: The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue by Marianos and Hanina. Ritual Objects, Celestial Diagram, and Sacrifice of Isaac. Galilee, Israel. 6th century CE.
A CLOSER LOOK: The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue by Marianos and Hanina. Ritual Objects, Celestial Diagram, and Sacrifice of Isaac. Galilee, Israel. 6th century CE.

7. RECONSTRUCTION OF BAPTISTERY, WITH FRAGMENTS OF ORIGINAL FRESCO From Christian house-church, Dura-Europos, Syria. Before 256. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. [Fig ]
RECONSTRUCTION OF BAPTISTERY, WITH FRAGMENTS OF ORIGINAL FRESCO From Christian house-church, Dura-Europos, Syria. Before 256. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. [Fig ]

8. THE GOOD SHEPHERD WITH ADAM AND EVE AFTER THE FALL Detail of lunette fresco in FIG [Fig ]
THE GOOD SHEPHERD WITH ADAM AND EVE AFTER THE FALL Detail of lunette fresco in FIG [Fig ]

9. THE GOOD SHEPHERD, ORANTS, AND THE STORY OF JONAH Painted ceiling of the Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome. Late 3rd-early 4th century. [Fig ]
THE GOOD SHEPHERD, ORANTS, AND THE STORY OF JONAH Painted ceiling of the Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome. Late 3rd-early 4th century. [Fig ]

10. THE GOOD SHEPHERD Eastern Mediterranean, probably Anatolia (Turkey)
THE GOOD SHEPHERD Eastern Mediterranean, probably Anatolia (Turkey). Second half of the 3rd century. Marble, height 19-3/4" (50.2 cm), width 6" (15.9 cm). Cleveland Museum of Art. John L. Severance Fund ( ) [Fig ]
THE GOOD SHEPHERD Eastern Mediterranean, probably Anatolia (Turkey). Second half of the 3rd century. Marble, height 19-3/4" (50.2 cm), width 6" (15.9 cm). Cleveland Museum of Art. John L. Severance Fund ( ) [Fig ]

11. RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE INTERIOR OF OLD ST. PETER'S, ROME c
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE INTERIOR OF OLD ST. PETER'S, ROME c [Fig ]
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE INTERIOR OF OLD ST. PETER'S, ROME c [Fig ]

12. INTERIOR, CHURCH OF SANTA SABINA View from the south aisle near the sanctuary toward the entrance. c [Fig ]
INTERIOR, CHURCH OF SANTA SABINA View from the south aisle near the sanctuary toward the entrance. c [Fig ]

13. CHURCH OF SANTA SABINA, Rome Exterior view from the southeast. c
CHURCH OF SANTA SABINA, Rome Exterior view from the southeast. c [Fig ]
CHURCH OF SANTA SABINA, Rome Exterior view from the southeast. c [Fig ]

14. HARVESTING OF GRAPES Ambulatory vault, church of Santa Costanza, Rome
HARVESTING OF GRAPES Ambulatory vault, church of Santa Costanza, Rome. c Mosaic. [Fig ]
HARVESTING OF GRAPES Ambulatory vault, church of Santa Costanza, Rome. c Mosaic. [Fig ]

15. PLAN (A) AND RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING (B) of OLD ST. PETER's c
PLAN (A) AND RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING (B) of OLD ST. PETER's c ; atrium added in later 4th century. Approx. 394' (120 m) long and 210' (64 m) wide. [Fig a]
PLAN (A) AND RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING (B) of OLD ST. PETER's c ; atrium added in later 4th century. Approx. 394' (120 m) long and 210' (64 m) wide. [Fig a]

16. PLAN (A) AND RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING (B) of OLD ST. PETER's c
PLAN (A) AND RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING (B) of OLD ST. PETER's c ; atrium added in later 4th century. Approx. 394' (120 m) long and 210' (64 m) wide. [Fig b]
PLAN (A) AND RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING (B) of OLD ST. PETER's c ; atrium added in later 4th century. Approx. 394' (120 m) long and 210' (64 m) wide. [Fig b]

17. PLAN (A) AND SECTION (B) OF THE CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA, ROME c. 350
PLAN (A) AND SECTION (B) OF THE CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA, ROME c [Fig ]
PLAN (A) AND SECTION (B) OF THE CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA, ROME c [Fig ]

18. CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA, ROME c. 350
CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA, ROME c View from ambulatory into rotunda. [Fig ]
CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA, ROME c View from ambulatory into rotunda. [Fig ]

19. SARCOPHAGUS OF CONSTANTINA c. 350. Porphyry, height 7'5" (2. 26 m)
SARCOPHAGUS OF CONSTANTINA c Porphyry, height 7'5" (2.26 m). Musei Vaticani, Vatican, Rome. [Fig ]
SARCOPHAGUS OF CONSTANTINA c Porphyry, height 7'5" (2.26 m). Musei Vaticani, Vatican, Rome. [Fig ]

20. SARCOPHAGUS OF JUNIUS BASSUS Grottoes of St. Peter, Vatican, Rome. c
SARCOPHAGUS OF JUNIUS BASSUS Grottoes of St. Peter, Vatican, Rome. c Marble, 4' × 8' (1.2 × 2.4 m). [Fig ]
SARCOPHAGUS OF JUNIUS BASSUS Grottoes of St. Peter, Vatican, Rome. c Marble, 4' × 8' (1.2 × 2.4 m). [Fig ]

21. ORATORY OF GALLA PLACIDIA, RAVENNA c. 425-426. [Fig. 07-18]

22. ORATORY OF GALLA PLACIDIA View from entrance, barrel-vaulted arms housing sarchophagi, lunette mosaic of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence. c [Fig ]
ORATORY OF GALLA PLACIDIA View from entrance, barrel-vaulted arms housing sarchophagi, lunette mosaic of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence. c [Fig ]

23. THE GOOD SHEPHERD Lunette over the entrance, Oratory of Galla Placidia
THE GOOD SHEPHERD Lunette over the entrance, Oratory of Galla Placidia. c Mosaic. [Fig ]
THE GOOD SHEPHERD Lunette over the entrance, Oratory of Galla Placidia. c Mosaic. [Fig ]

24. SS. ONESIPHOROS AND PORPHYRIOS STANDING BEFORE AN ARCHITECTURAL BACKDROP Mosaics on the interior of the dome of the church of St. George (formerly the mausoleum of Galerius). Thessaloniki, northern Greece. Rotunda 4th century; mosaics 5th century. [Fig ]
SS. ONESIPHOROS AND PORPHYRIOS STANDING BEFORE AN ARCHITECTURAL BACKDROP Mosaics on the interior of the dome of the church of St. George (formerly the mausoleum of Galerius). Thessaloniki, northern Greece. Rotunda 4th century; mosaics 5th century. [Fig ]