1. Marine Biology!

2. Trophic Structure Autotroph (Producer) Heterotroph (Consumer)

3. Flow of energy through a living system; energy is degraded w/ each step

4. Generalized trophic pyramid

5. Simplified food web

6. Marine Zones: Benthic vs. Pelagic Neritic vs. Oceanic

7. Fig 12-16, p.285 Garrison

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Divisions of the Marine Environment Pelagic (open sea) – Neritic (< 200 meters) and oceanic Benthic (sea floor) – Subneritic and suboceanic

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelagic Environment Divided into biozones Neritic Province – from shore seaward, all water < 200 meters deep Oceanic Province – depth increases beyond 200 meters

10. Life in the Ocean The PELAGIC community! A “Pelagic community” is a community of organisms that live suspended in the water column…they either float (plankton) or swim (nekton). This is different than those that live on shore, on the bottom (etc.)

11. Pelagic Communitiy, Plankton And nekton

12. Marine Mammals that live in the pelagic zone (Baleen)

13. Marine Mammals that live in the pelagic zone (Toothed)

14. Even “deep” down there are pelagic fish: Deep sea angler fish

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos Epifauna live on the surface of the sea floor. Infauna live buried in sediments. Nektobenthos swim or crawl through water above the seafloor. Benthos are most abundant in shallower water. Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness.

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthic Environments Supralittoral Subneritic – Littoral – Sublittoral Inner Outer Suboceanic – Bathyal – Abyssal – Hadal

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Intertidal Zonation Rocky shore: Spray zone – above spring tide zone Intertidal zone – High tide zone – Middle tide zone – Low tide zone

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coral Reef Zonation

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Organisms of the Deep Pelagic (discussed earlier) & Benthic (Heart Urchin seen here to right)

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Life! Don’t forget PLANKTON (from previous lectures and lab) but now… NEKTON!

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Plankton Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton. Phytoplankton – Autotrophic Zooplankton – Heterotrophic

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton Independent swimmers Most adult fish and squid Marine mammals Marine reptiles

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton

25. Now let’s put everything together – WHO lives there…

26. Animal Kingdom Classify similar animals into Phyla 36 Animal Phyla – Only 1 has vertebrates These animals are either BENTHIC or PELAGIC; PLANKTONIC or NEKTONIC…

28. Invertebrates Animals without backbones No internal rigid skeleton Softbodied Many have hard external coverings

29. Phylum Porifera

30. Phylum Cnidaria

31. Phylum Cnidaria - CORAL

32. Phylum Annelida

33. Phylum Arthropoda - Crustaceans Crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacles, copepods

34. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea

35. Phylum Mollusca 3 Main groups – Gastropods - snails – Bivalves- oysters, clams, mussels – Cephalopods – octopuses, squids

37. Gastropods Spiral shells Shell-less = sea slugs or nudibranchs Project head and muscular foot when moving

38. Phylum Mollusca

39. Bivalves Twin, hinged shells not very mobile Suspension feeders Gills for gas exchange

40. Phylum Mollusca

41. Cephalopods Largest of the invertebrates (59 ft squid) Foot modified into tentacles Active predators Highly evolved nervous system

42. Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda- CUTTLEFISH

43. Phylum Mollusca

45. Phylum Echinodermata Sea stars, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea urchins

47. Phylum Echinodermata

48. PHYLUM CHORDATA notochord dorsal, hollow nerve tube gill slits post anal tail

50. Two Invertebrate Chordates Urochordates – sea squirts or tunicates Cephalochordates – lancelets or amphioxus

55. VERTEBRATES Possess backbones – replaces the notochord Subphylum: VERTEBRATA (that’s us…if we were marine mammals!)

56. Jawless Fish – Class Agnatha hagfish lamprey

58. Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes skates, rays and sharks

59. Class Chondrichthy es

60. Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes skeletons made of tough elastic cartilage negatively buoyant some of the active sharks must swim to breathe

61. Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes most numerous and successful of all vertebrates

63. Bony fish examples

64. Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes swim bladders countercurrent exchange operculum body shape effects the efficiency of movement

68. Amphibians not found in marine environments

69. Marine Reptiles Sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguanas, marine crocodiles

71. Figure 9.05 Marine iguana – 1 of 2 marine reptiles (other = crocodile)

72. Marine Reptiles ectothermic covered with scales breathe air with lungs, have specialized salt glands to excrete excess salt taken in from seawater

73. Marine Birds Class Aves Albatrosses, pelicans, gulls, terns, puffins and penguins are endotherms, also have salt secreting glands

77. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Marine Mammals Land-dwelling ancestors Warm-blooded Breathe air Hair/fur Bear live young Mammary glands for milk

78. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Marine Mammal Groups

79. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Order Carnivora Prominent canine teeth Sea otters Polar bears Pinnipeds – Walruses – Seals – Sea lions – Fur seals

80. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Carnivora

82. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Seals vs. Sea Lions and Fur Seals Seals lack prominent ear flaps Seals have smaller front flippers Seals have fore flipper claws Different hip structures Different locomotion strategies

83. Elephant Seals

84. Figure 9.11

85. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Order Sirenia Herbivores Manatees – Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean Dugongs – Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans

87. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Order Cetacea Whales, dolphins, porpoises Elongated skull Blowholes on top of skull Few hairs Fluke – horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion

88. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Order Cetacea

89. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti (toothed) – Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale – Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects – Determine shape, size of objects

90. Bottlenose Dolphin

91. Beluga Whale

92. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Use of Baleen

93. Humpback Whale