1. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas

2. Conquest in the Americas

3. First Encounters in the America’s
Columbus’ experience spawned many followers -arrived in Caribbean (West Indies) in met Taino peoples who were friendly at first but relations worsened when they didn’t adopt Christianity

4. Advantages and Disadvantages
What advantages did the Spanish have over Native Americans???
What might have Tainos and other Native Americans have done differently to defend themselves against the conquistadors??

5. First Encounters in the Americas (cont’d)
Spanish conquistadors emerged in the Americas -small in numbers -advantages were guns, armor, and horses
With the arrival of conquistadors came diseases which wiped out nearly 90% of the Native American population

6. Cortes Conquers Mexico
Spanish explorers told stories of great riches and fierce fighting in the Americas
Hernan Cortes, landowner in Cuba, came to Mexico in 1519 and headed toward Tenochtitlan -had help from Malinche (translator)

7. Cortes Conquers Mexico (cont’d)
Aztec emperor Moctezuma caught word of the Spanish -wondered if they were the lost Aztec god king
Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan -tried to convert -imprisoned Moctezuma
Fighting ensued between Spanish, Native Americans, and Aztecs Cortes captured and demolished Tenochtitlan (renamed Mexico City)

8. Mexico City
Tenochtitlan

9. Pizarro Takes Peru
Francisco Pizarro was Spanish and was interested in the Incan empire in Peru -arrived in 1532 right after ruler Atahualpa won the throne from his brother in a bloody civil war
Atahualpa was captured and held for ransom

10. Pizarro Takes Peru
Pizarro continued into the heart of the Incan civilization -had better weapons and the Incans were weakened by disease
Eventually Pizarro was killed by a rival Spanish group shortly after he established Lima

11. Effects of the Spanish Conquistadors
Spanish seized a lot of land and valuable goods within a few decades -used Native American labor to establish silver mines in Peru and Mexico
With wealth Spanish became Europe’s greatest power
Natives thought the world was ending -stopped resisting
World now connected by sea routes

12. Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

13. Ruling the Spanish Empire
Spanish empire was huge (CA to SA) -Council of the Indies set laws for colonies -main goal was spread Christianity -controlled trade (gold, silver, sugar cane)
Bartolome de Las Casas hated the encomienda system (forced labor) -slaves now introduced

14. The Class System in Latin America
At the top were peninsulares —born in Spain.
Creoles —Spaniards born in Latin America.
Mestizos —mixed European and Indian
Mulattos —mixed European and African
Indios —indigenous people of America
Zambos —mixed Indian and African.

15. Portuguese Colony in Brazil
Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 granted Brazil to Portugal -no instant wealth -main goods were wood, plantation agriculture, and cattle
Spain and Portugal soon faced serious competition as other countries looked for a wealth of their own

16. Struggle for North America

17. Building New France
France mostly settled in Canada -fished for cod and skinned animals for fur -Jacques Cartier discovered the
St Lawrence River
King Louis XIV sent men and women to Canada to earn France more money

18. The 13 English Colonies
First permanent English settlement was in Jamestown, VA in colony made money by cultivating tobacco
Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, MA in escaped persecution of church -signed Mayflower Compact which is the first example of a direct democracy

19. The 13 English Colonies VA and NY-organized for profit
MA, PA, MD-havens for persecuted religious groups
GA and SC-gifts from king to loyal supporters
All colonies struggled at first -learned to create wealth by using the resources native to the surroundings

20. Struggling for Power
By the 1600s Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands all had colonies in North America -fighting erupted
French and Indian War -ended with the Treaty of Paris in Britain dominated North America -France regained islands in the Caribbean

21. The Atlantic Slave Trade

22. Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic
First leg: merchant ships brought European goods to Africa -these items were traded for slaves
Middle Passage: slaves were transported to the Americas
Final Leg: Merchants sent goods to Europe to be manufactured
Triangular trade was very profitable!!! -port cities became wealthy due to trade

23. Horrors of the Middle Passage
Africans were kidnapped from their villages -tied together and forced to walk to port cities
Once on the ships you were restrained below deck -disease, starvation, and suicide -called floating coffins

24. Let’s Write
Look at this picture and tell me how it makes you feel.

25. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Slave trade brought wealth and labor to the Americas
African states were torn apart and lives were cut short or forever brutalized
At the peak of the slave trade (1780s) 80,000 slaves were traded a year!

26. Effects of Global Contact

27. The Colombian Exchange
When Columbus returned to Spain he brought with him plants and animals he found -started a global exchange and migration
In America: tomatoes, pumpkins, corn, potatoes, and peppers
More food= EXPLOSION of population

28. Name some positives and negatives about this

29. A Commercial Revolution
1500’s inflation took place -price revolution -caused by large amounts of silver and gold coming into Europe
Increased trade and wealth caused capitalism (private business ownership) -successful due to entrepreneurs
“Putting out” system -separated capital and labor

30. Putting Out System Steps
1) Merchants gave raw materials to someone to make the product
2) The person makes the product in a raw state
3) Merchants buy the material and send it to be totally finished
4) The merchant sells the finished product for a profit

31. Putting Out System

32. Mercantilism Arises
Mercantilism: strengthen national economies -wealth measured in gold and silver -export more than you import -overseas colonies existed for the benefit of the parent country -tariffs, taxes on foreign (imported) goods
Merchants gained wealth and the middle class prospered
Nobles did poorly as the land they owned had few benefits
Peasants either felt little change or went even more into debt