1. Classic Urban Models

2. Three models of urban structure:
Concentric Zone model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Use of the models outside North America:
European cities
LDC’s

3. A. Concentric Zone Model
1. Ernest Burgess (1920s): depicts use of urban land as a set of concentric rings
- each ring devoted to a different land use (studied Chicago)

4. 2. Concentric Zones:
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) that is the most accessible zone where most of the tertiary employment is located
Zone II: Zone of Transition where many industrial activities locate (nearby labor, markets, transport terminals like ports & rail)
Zone III: Zone of Independent Workers is used by some industrial activities in inner cities and ethnic enclaves
- contains the poorest segment of the urban population
Zone IV: Zone of Better Residences is dominated by the working class (often second generation immigrants)
Zone V: Commuter Zone represents higher quality suburban housing linked with higher commuting costs

6. Cleveland, Ohio The density gradient in Cleveland
shows the expansion of dense
population outward from the city
center over time.

7. Social Area Analysis: Percent Renters IN Indianapolis, IN
The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model

8. 3. Concentric Zone Weaknesses:
too simple
developed for American cities
cars uncommon at time (horses & streetcars)
assumes reliance on public transit
lots of spatial differences in terms of ethnic & social patterns

10. B. Sector Model study done in 1939 by Homer Hoyt in Chicago
land use NOT random: defined by functional sectoral wedges
- transportation “corridors” impact land uses
- rail lines, major roads, public transport create
“sectors”

11. THE Hoyt “SeCTOR MODEL”
In his model, Hoyt is taking into account differences in accessibility and, therefore, in land values along transportation routes

12. Indianapolis: Household Income
The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis
is an example of a sector model.

13. C. Multiple Nuclei Model
the Harris & Ullman Multi-Nuclei Model (1945) looks at a city as being multi-nucleated with a downtown center & satellite centers on the periphery
presence of many competing decentralized centers
reflects influence of automobile
Five areas:
1. CBD
2. Wholesaling & light manufacturing area
3. Heavy industrial area
4. Residential areas
5. Outlying suburban areas

15. Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

16. URBAN MODEL COMPRISONS

18. St. Louis Metropolitan Area?
The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states.

19. Typical Present-day U.S. City

20. The “Galactic” City

22. D. Social Differences in Cities
Urban life different due to:
large size
high population density
socially diversity

23. Social Geography of U.S. & Canadian Cities

24. E. Political Definitions of Cities
Urban settlements defined in three ways:
by a legal boundary (a self-governing political unit)
a continuously built-up area
a functional area

25. Megalopolis
The Boston–Washington corridor contains about 1/4th of U.S. population.