1. Chapter 12 Collective Notes
2013
Developmental Psychology
Osage - NIACC

2. Section 1- Biological, Social, and Cognitive influences on Gender

3. Vocab Gender – characteristics of people as females or males
Gender identity – sense of one’s own gender with knowledge of actual gender
Gender role – set of expectations that prescribe how females/males think act or feel
Gender typing – acquisition of traditional male/female role
Estrogens – sex hormones that develop female sex characteristics & regulate menstrual cycle

4. Vocab Continued
Androgens – primarily promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics
Social role theory – psychological gender differences resulting from the different role of men and women
Psychomalytic theory of gender – preschool child develops sexual attractions to parent of opposite gender
Social cognitive theory of gender - gender development occurs through watching & imitating mature role models
Gender schema theory – gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate or inappropriate

5. Biological Influences
1920’s- confirmed existence of human sex chromosomes- XX= females, XY= Male
Estrogen- females, Testosterone- Males
Evolutionary Psychology View
Natural selection favors males with short- term mating strategies, favoring violence, competition, risk taking
Natural selection favors females with good parenting and choosing male to support family

6. Hormone Defects Sexual reassignment Pelvic Field Defect- boys
Ex: boy loses penis, surgically becomes girl
Pelvic Field Defect- boys
Missing penis= raised as girls
Androgen- Insensitive Males
No androgen cells (type of testosterone)
Bodies look female
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia- girls
Enlarged adrenal glands= high levels of androgens

7. Social Influences
Alice Eagly (social role theory) – women perform more domestic work and are in more hours of paid unemployment, receive lower pay
Women adapted roles w/ less power and less status, more cooperative, less dominant
Parents influence gender development – punishments to teach daughters to be feminine, sons to be masculine
Mothers more involved than fathers unless they have a son; mothers more caregiving while fathers more leisurely

8. Social Influences
Mothers socialization strategies – daughters more obedient and responsible than sons
Fathers – more attention to sons than daughters: more attention to sons
Learn gender from observing adults
Play with same sex from 4 to 12 years of age

9. Cognitive Influences
Observation, imitation, rewards and punishment are mechanisms by which gender develops according to social cognitive theory
Interactions between the child and social environment are main keys to gender development
Gender schema organizes the world in terms of female and male
Children pick up what is gender appropriate/inappropriate bit by bit
Cognitive factors contribute to the way children think and act as males and females

10. Section 2
Gender Stereotypes, Similarities, and Differences.

11. Gender Stereotypes
General impressions and beliefs about females and males.
Masculinity-independent, aggressive, and power oriented.
Femininity-warm and sensitive.

12. Developmental Changes
Gender stereotyping continues to change during middle and late childhood and adolescence.
Children expanded in the range and extent of their gender stereotyping during middle and late childhood.

13. Gender Similarities and Differences.
3 Categories:
Physical
Woman have 2X fat of men
Males are generally 10% taller
Cognitive
Males have better visuospatial skills
Girls scored higher than boys in literacy skills
Socioemotional
Males are more aggressive.
Females express more emotion.

14. Gender Controversy
David Buss says that gender differences are extensive and caused by adaptive problems people have faced across evolutionary history.
Janet Shibley Hyde argues that research says that females and males are similar in most psychological factors.

15. Gender in Context
Males are more likely to help in dangerous situations.
Helping someone stranded on the side of the road with a flat tire.
Females are likely to help when little danger is present.
Helping a child with a personal problem.

16. Gender Development through the Lifespan
Ch. 12, Sec. 3

17. Childhood
Boys receive earlier more intense gender socialization than girls.
Harder time deviating from the expected male role than girls.
EX. A girl wearing a little girl wearing a cowboy hat pretending to herd cattle, compared to a boy wearing a dress and jewely pretending to cook dinner.
Which of these do you have more of a reaction to?

18. Adolescence
Gender- intensification hypothesis- psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during adolescence, because of pressure to be their own gender roles.

19. Adulthood and Aging
Rapport Talk- language of conversation, connections and relationships (social)
Report Talk- talk to give information

20. Women’s Development Prefer rapport talk
Place high value on relationships and nurture
Try to interact with others in ways that will foster the other’s development
Important to be self-motivated

21. Men’s Development Live 8-10 years less than women
Higher rates of stress, alcoholism, car accidents, suicide, and homicide
Expected male role should be dominant, powerful, aggressive, and control women
“Real men” look at women for body, not mind. Belive men are greater than women.
Expected male role have little emotional or positive connections with other males

22. Aging Poverty rate for older females is almost double older males
Older women have double jeopardy of ageism and sexism
Men get more feminine as they age (sensitive and caring)

23. By: Rebekah, Sharline, Jenna, and Alisha
Exploring Sexuality
By: Rebekah, Sharline, Jenna, and Alisha

24. Biological factors
Classified two main classes of sex hormones estrogens and androgens

25. Sexual Behaviors
Individualized in humans

26. Sexual Scripts
Stereotyped patterns of expectances of how people should behave sexually
EX: traditional, and romantic

27. Sexual orientation
No differences in attitudes how often people have sex behavior and what acts they prefer
EX: bisexual, heterosexual, homosexual

28. STI’s Diseases primarily contracted through sex.
1 in 6 adults have an STI

29. Sexual orientation
Same sex heterosexual, or bisexual, combined of genetic hormonal, cognitive environmental factors
Most are Penile, and Vaginal

30. Rape Forceful sex with a person not given consent
On average of 200,000 rapes per year.
Most are women
Most rapists- aggression enhances their sense of power they want to their or humiliate their victim.

31. Sexual Harassment Manifestation of power of one person over another
Inappropriate sexual remarks
Physical contact
Patting, or brushing against ones body or sexual assault
Often occurs in work or educational settings

32. Sexuality Through the Life Span Section 5
Nathen Sam Lucas Brrrrrr Ice

33. Children Majority of children engage in sex play Curiosity
Exhibiting/inspecting genital
Curiosity
Decline in curiosity in elementary

34. Adolescence Time for sexual exploration
Think about sexually related things
In US lots of exposure to sex
Try to form sexual identity
Early sexual activities correlate with higher STDs drug use and delinquency
Cognitive: 2 factors attention and self regulation
Lot of contributing factors: Including spirituality
Growth of use in contraception correlates with decrease in adolescent pregnancy
Health risk (psychological ect.) come with teen pregnancy

35. Adulthood More then 60% have had sex before 18
Climacteric – midlife transition fertility
Menopause- women cease menstruatin
Loss of hormones men and women age 50 – 60