1. The European World c. 1500 Gabriel Glickman

2. Conrad Celtis (1459-1508)

3. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

4. European poor relief measures 1478 – Lyons Consultat takes over responsibility for the city’s hospitals from the Church. 1491 – local governments put in charge of poor relief in every canton in the Swiss confederacy. 1497 -Imperial Diet at Lindau declares that each community within the empire should make provisions to care for its own poor 1506 - Lille establishes ‘une bourse commune’. 1522-1545 –c. 60 European towns took steps towards enacting new legislation.

5. Henry, Duke of Viseu (‘Henry the Navigator’) 1394-1460

6. Voyages of Vasco da Gama between 1498 and 1519

7. Imperial circles of the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1550

8. The Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania Slow weakening of the powers of the Jagiellon dynasty 1454 – king no longer allowed to summon the nobility for military duty without consent of representatives in the Sejm. 1493 –Sejm ew-established as a bicameral parliament, to be elected every two years. 1505 – enactment of the nihil novi - no new laws can be passed without the approval of the Sejm. 1569 Union of Lublin with Grand Duchy of Lithuania on condition that monarchy will be elective. Polish nobility account for c. 10 per cent of the population – highest of any state in Europe.

9. Italian city states c. 1500

10. Venice, unknown artist, 1413

11. Leonardo da Vinci, Design for a flying machine, 1477

12. Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, 1517 ‘all the things of this world in every era have their counterparts in ancient times…this is because these actions are carried out by men who have and have always had the same passions, which, of necessity, must give rise to the same results’.