1. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.1 Chemistry 6/e Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl Chapter 7: ATOMIC STRUCTURE & PERIODICITY

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.2 Atomic Structure & Periodicity Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation React 1 The Nature of Matter The Atomic Spectrum of HydrogenThe Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen React 2 The Bohr Model React 3 4 5345 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the AtomThe Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom Orbital Shapes and EnergiesOrbital Shapes and Energies React 6 7 8678 Periodic Trends in Atomic PropertiesPeriodic Trends in Atomic Properties React 9 10 11 129101112 React 13 14 15 1613141516 React 17 18 19 2017181920

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.3 Rutherford’s Model of the Atom What does Rutherford’s atom “look like”? We want models to explain our observations.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.4 Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.5 Electromagnetic Radiation

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.6 Flame Tests

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.7 Fireworks

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.8 Questions to Consider Why do the different chemicals give us different colors? Why do we get colors at all?

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.9 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.10 Draw three waves with relative wavelengths of 1:2:4. Compare the frequencies and energies of these wavelengths. React 1

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.11 The Nature of Waves

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.12 Electromagnetic Wave

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.13 The Nature of Matter

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.14 Photoelectric Effect

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.15 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.16 Refraction of White Light and Hydrogen Line Spectrum

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.17 Explain the hydrogen emission spectrum. Why is it significant that the color emitted is not white? How does the emission spectrum support the idea of quantized energy levels? React 2

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.18 The Bohr Model

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.19 Determine the color of light emitted when an excited electron in the hydrogen atom falls from: I. n = 5 to n = 2 II. n = 4 to n = 2 III. n = 3 to n = 2 React 3

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.20 Electronic Transitions in the Bohr Model for the Hydrogen Atom

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.21 There are an infinite number of allowed transitions in the hydrogen atom. Why don’t we see more lines in the emission spectrum for hydrogen? React 4

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.22 Does a gamma ray of wavelength 1.0 x 10 -8 cm have enough energy to remove an electron from a hydrogen atom? Support your answer with calculations. React 5

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.23 Let’s Think About It What is the energy associated with a gamma ray with a wavelength of 1.0 x 10 -8 cm? How much energy does it take to remove an electron from a hydrogen atom? React 5

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.24 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.25 Probability Distribution for the 1s Wave Function

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.26 Radial Probability Distribution

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.27 Orbital Shapes and Energies

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.28 Two Representations of the Hydrogen 1s, 2s, and 3s Orbitals

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.29 The Radial Probability Distribution for the 3s, 3p, and 3d Orbitals

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.30 The Boundary Surface Representations of All Three 2p Orbitals

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.31 The Boundary Surfaces of All of the 3d Orbitals

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.32 Representation of the 4f Orbitals in Terms of Their Boundary Surfaces

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.33 A Comparison of the Radial Probability Distributions of the 2s and 2p Orbitals

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.34 The Radial Probability Distribution for the 3s, 3p, and 3d Orbitals

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.35 Sketch a general orbital-level diagram for atoms other than hydrogen. Explain why it differs from hydrogen. React 6

36. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.36 Explain how you can use the periodic table to determine the order in which orbitals fill in polyelectronic atoms (so that you do not have to memorize it). React 7

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.37 The Orbitals Being Filled for Elements in Various Parts of the Periodic Table

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.38 Determine the expected electron configurations for each of the following: S Ba Ni 2+ Eu Ti + React 8

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.39 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.40 Which is larger, the hydrogen 1s orbital, or the Li 1s orbital? Why? Which is lower in energy, the hydrogen 1s orbital, or the Li 1s orbital? Why? React 9

41. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.41 Which atom would require more energy to remove an electron, Na or Cl? Why? React 10

42. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.42 Which atom would require more energy to remove an electron, Li or Cs? Why? React 11

43. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.43 What is the general trend for ionization energy across rows and down columns on the periodic table? Understand this trend; do not merely memorize it. React 12

44. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.44 Which should be the larger atom, Na or Cl? Why? React 13

45. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.45 Which should be the larger atom, Li or Cs? Why? React 14

46. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.46 What is the general trend for atomic size across rows and down columns on the periodic table? Explain this trend. React 15

47. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.47 Atomic Radii for Selected Atoms

48. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.48 Arrange the elements oxygen, fluorine, and sulfur according to increasing Ionization energy Atomic size React 16

49. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.49 The Values of First Ionization Energy for the Elements in the First Six Periods

50. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.50 Explain why the graph of ionization energy versus atomic number (across a row) is not linear. Where are the exceptions? Why are there exceptions? React 17

51. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.51 The ionization energy of the magnesium atom requires 735 kJ/mol. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the second ionization energy of Mg? I.It is less than 735 kJ/mol because Mg wants to lose the second electron to have the same electron configuration as Ne. II.It is equal to 735 kJ/mol because both electrons are being taken from the 3s orbital. III.It is greater than 735 kJ/mol because the second electron is being taken from a positive ion. IV.Energy is released when the second electron comes off because the Mg atom wants to lose the second electron to have the same electron configuration as Ne. React 18

52. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.52 Relative Ionization Energies for Elements X Y First170200 Second350400 Third18003500 Fourth25005000 Identify the elements. Why can there be more than one answer? React 19

53. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.53 Which has the larger second ionization energy, lithium or beryllium? Why? React 20

54. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.54 Successive Ionization Energies in Kilojoules per Mole for the Elements in Period 3 ElementI1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I4I4 I5I5 I6I6 I7I7 Na4954560 Mg73514457730Core electrons* Al5801815274011,600 Si78015753220435016,100 P1060189029054950627021,200 S10052260337545656950849027,000 Cl12552295385051606560936011,000 Ar15272665394557707230878012,000 * Note the large jump in ionization energy in going from removal of valence electrons to removal of core electrons. General decrease General increase