1. Bio 244 Chapter 12 THE EUKARYOTES
_______
ALGAE
PROTOZOA
HELMINTHS

2. COMPARISON of ___KARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS

3. ________: THE STUDY of FUNGI
Table 12.2

4. CLASSIFICATION and BASIC PROPERTIES of ___________
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
__________
Nutritional Type
_______________
Cellularity
______-unicellular
Mold- multicellular
Food Acquisition Method
Absorptive
Characteristic Features
Sexual and/or asexual spores
O2 Requirements
Aerobic or facultative anaerobic

5. ROLE of FUNGI BENEFICIAL ___________ Food source Fermentation
_________ Production
HARMFUL
_______ disease
Corn smut, mildew,
wheat rust, elm and
chestnut tree destruction
_________ disease
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush
Habitat destruction
Food Spoilage

6. UNICELLULAR FUNGI: _______
Asexual Reproduction
_________: yeast divide
symmetrically (evenly)
budding: yeast divide
asymmetrically
ROLE of S. cereviseae
WINE PRODUCTION BREAD MAKING
Name the genus and species of 3 yeast.
Figure 12.3

7. MULTICELLULAR FUNGI:_______
Vegetative hyphae – ________
________.
Aerial hyphae – produce spores.
Mass of hyphae is a _________.
ROLE of MOLD CHEESE PRODUCTION ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION
Figure 12.2

8. ________ MORPHOLOGY and GROWTH

9. FUNGAL DIMORPHISM
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are _____like at 37°C and ____-like at 28°C.
Figure 12.4

10. ASEXUAL vs. _________ REPRODUCTION in FUNGI
Cells from two different parents unite
Offspring are genetically __________
Sexual spores
Ex. _____spores
______spores
___________
Organism has one parent
Offspring are genetically ________
to parent
Ex.: Budding, Fragmentation,
Asexual spores
Ex. Sporangio________
Conidio________
Teleomorphic fungi – produce both asexual and sexual spores.
Anamorphic fungi – produce only asexual spores; ex.
Stachybotrys sp., Coccidioides sp.

11. _________ SPORES ______ SPORES ZYGOSPORE ASCOSPORE Aspergillus sp.
SPORANGIO-
SPORES
Rhizopus sp.
CONIDIO-
SPORES
ASCOSPORE
Aspergillus sp.
Figure 12.1

12. CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA
Saprophytic molds Coenocytic __________ ________ spores – sporangiospores ________ spores – zygospores Ex.: Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold), Mucor species – opportunistic, systemic mycoses
LIFE CYCLE of _________ sp.

13. CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
Referred to as ‘sac’ fungi (also includes some yeast) Septate hyphae Asexual spores – ________spores Sexual spores – _________spores -Aspergillus sp.(opportunistic, systemic mycosis) -Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic) -Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. (cutaneous mycoses)
Life cycle of _________ sp.

14. FUNGAL DISEASES (MYCOSES)
SUPERFICIAL-localized
-Ex. hair shafts
_____________-hair, skin, nails
Ex. Ringworm, athlete’s foot
SUBCUTANEOUS-under skin
Ex. sporotrichosis
___________-deep within body
Ex. Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis
OPPORTUNISTIC-normal micro-
biota cause disease
Ex.- thrush, aspergillosis,

15. Cutaneous Mycoses Dermatomycoses Metabolize __________
Also known as ________ or ringworm
Metabolize __________
Genera of fungi involved
Trichophyton sp.: Infects hair, skin, and nails
Microsporum sp.: Infects hair and skin
Treatment
Topical miconazole
Tinea pedis

16. Subcutaneous ________
More serious than cutaneous mycoses
_______trichosis
Chronic infection, known as rose gardener’s disease
Sporothrix sp.- common in soil (peat moss, potting mix)
Enters puncture wound
Treated initially with potassium iodide (KI)

17. SYSTEMIC MYCOSES of the RESPIRATORY TRACT
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Causative agent: Histoplasmosis sp.
Reservoir: Soils of __________ Valley, caves
Transmission: Inhalation of __________
Symptoms: Nonspecific, coughing, _________
Diagnosis: Serological tests,
culture of sputum..
Treatment: Amphotericin B
Causative agent: Coccidioides sp.
Reservoir: Desert soils of ___________
Transmission: Inhalation of spores
Symptoms: Fever, ________, weight loss
Diagnosis: Serological tests
Treatment: Amphotericin B

18. Other Fungi Involved in __________ Disease
Common genera:
Aspergillus sp.
Mucor sp.
Rhizopus sp.
Type of Mycosis - __________
Predisposing factors:
Immunocompromised state
__________
Diabetes

19. Fungal Diseases of the ________ System Myco______ Intoxications
Ergot Poisoning
Aflatoxin Poisoning
Pathogen
Claviceps purpurea
Aspergillus flavus
Symptoms
Reduced blood to limbs
______ cirrhosis; ______ cancer
Intoxication/
Infection
Mycotoxin in ____
Mycotoxin in food
Diagnosis
Sclerotia ( mass of hardened mycelia) in food
Immunoassay for toxin in food
Treatment
None

20. BASIC PROPERTIES of ________
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
_________? Plantae?
Nutritional Type
______________
Cellularity
Unicellular
Some multicellular
Cellular Arrangement
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues
Characteristic Features
Pigments

21. SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE
BROWN (_____)
harvested for algin
medicinal uses
__________
Harvested for ____ and carrageenan
Serves as food source
Produces __________
GREEN
Gave rise to
terrestrial plants
-major source of O2

22. SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE cntd.
___________
Pectin and silica cell walls
Store oil
Fossilized diatoms formed oil
Produce ___________ acid
DINOFLAGELLATES (_________)
Primary producers of food
in aquatic food chain
Food source in certain clams
Produce ____________
Algal blooms

23. _________
Mutualistic combination of an ____ (or cyanobacterium) & __________ Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates, fungus provides holdfast

24. BASIC PROPERTIES of __________
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Protista
Nutritional Type
Chemoheterotroph
Cellularity
Unicellular
Food Acquisition Method
Absorptive; ingestive
Characteristic Features
Most are _______; some form _____; trophozoite stage
Reproduction
Asexual (fission, budding, schizogony);Sexual(Conjugation)
COMMON PROTOZOAN GROUPS:
AMOEBA
FLAGELLATES
CILIATES
SPOROZOANS

25. Amoebae Move by pseudopods Ex. Entamoeba sp. Acanthamoeba sp.
CILIATES
Move by cilia
Complex cells
Ex.
Paramecium sp.
Balantidium coli (only human __________)
Move by pseudopods Ex. Entamoeba sp. Acanthamoeba sp.
Figure 12.18a

26. _____________
No mitochondria Multiple flagella Ex. Giardia lamblia Trichomonas _______ (no cyst stage)
Giardiasis
Pathogen
Giardia lamblia
Symptoms
________, cramps, bloating
Reservoir
Water, mammals
Diagnosis
Microscopic, FA test
Treatment
Metronidazole; quinacrine
Figure 12.17b-d

27. Protozoa cntd Photoautotrophic flagellates Hemoflagellates
________ sp.
Hemoflagellates
_________ sp.
Sleeping sickness
Chagas’ disease
rbc
Figure 23.22

28. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA PHYLUM MICROSPORA Nonmotile Intracellular parasites
grasshopper parasite
What is this an example of??
Nonmotile
Lack mitochondria
___________cellular protozoa
Ex.
Plasmodium sp.

29. LIFE CYCLE of __________ sp.
Asexual CYCLE
Sexual cycle 1 2
Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human
Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced
Sporozoites in salivary gland 9
Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 3
Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction 8
In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote
Zygote
Intermediate host
Female gametocyte 4
Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell
Male gametocyte
Ring
stage 5
Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites
Definitive host 7
Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 6
Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes
Merozoites
Figure 12.19

30. BASIC PROPERTIES of Helminths
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Nutritional Type
Chemoheterotroph
Cellularity
All multicellular
Cellular Arrangement
Tissues and organs
Food Acquisition Method
Ingestive; absorptive
Characteristic Features
Elaborate life cycles
CLASSIFICATION of HELMINTHS
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminths
(_____worms)
Class: Trematodes
(flukes)
Class: Cestodes
(tapeworms)
Phylum: __________
(roundworms)

31. LIFE CYCLES OF __________ Egg  _______  adult
Simple
the number of hosts that harbor the
different stages of the helminth life cycle are few
Complex
the number of hosts that harbor the different stages of the helminth life cycle are many
_____________ HOSTS
Harbor _________ parasites
Parasites reproduce sexually
Eggs are shed
INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
Harbor _______ stages
Parasites grow and reproduce sexually
More than 1 intermediate host may be involved

32. HUMAN as ____________ HOST Lung fluke: Paragonimus sp.
Figure 12.26

33. HUMAN as __________ HOST Tapeworm Echinococcus sp.
Figure 12.28

34. HUMAN as DEFINITIVE and INTERMEDIATE HOST :__________ solium.

35. NEMATODES: EGGS INFECTIVE for HUMANS
Figure 12.29

36. Nematodes: _______ Infective for Humans
Figure 25.26

37. ARTHROPODS as _________ of DISEASE
Typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
______ Plague
Yersinia pestis
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Chagas’ Disease
Trypanosoma
cruzi
Figure 12.33

38. Comparison of ___________ Kingdoms
Table 12.1