1. Unit 4 Microeconomics: Business and Labor
Chapters 9.2
Economics
Mr. Biggs

2. Labor and Wages Supply and Demand for Labor
Employment or unemployment in a labor market depends on how closely the demand for workers meets the supply of workers seeking jobs.
Wal-Mart is largest employer in the United States.

3. Labor Demand Labor Supply Equilibrium Wage
Labor comes from private firms and government agencies that hire workers to produce goods
and services.
Productivity - The value of output.
The demand curve for labor is negatively sloped.
The higher the price of labor, the smaller the quantity of labor demanded.
Labor Supply
The supply curve for labor is positively sloped.
The higher the wage, the higher the
quantity of labor supplied.
Equilibrium Wage
Equilibrium wage - The wage rate
that does not produce an excess supply
or an excess demand for workers in the
labor market.

4. Wages and Skill Levels
Wages vary according to workers skill level, education, and according to supply and demand. 
The higher the skill and education level, the higher the wage:
Unskilled labor - Requires no specialized skills, education, or training.
Semi-skilled labor - Requires minimal specialized skills and education.
Skilled labor - Requires specialized skills and training.
Professional labor - Requires advanced skills and education.
Stressful or dangerous working conditions can also increase wages in certain job categories.

5. Laws Against Wage Discrimination
Wage discrimination occurs when people who have the same job, education level, skill set, job performance, and seniority receive unequal pay.
Wage discrimination can reflect gender and ethnic prejudices.
Laws Against Wage Discrimination
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required that male and female employees in the same workplace performing the same job receive the same pay.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited job discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, religion or nationality. 
The Civil Rights Act also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the law’s provisions.

6. Pay Levels for Women
The earning gap for men and women is gradually closing with today’s women making approximately 81% of what men make.
Historically, the gap has been the result of social conditions for women:
“Women’s work” traditionally paid a lower wage.
For example, administrative assistant.
Women had less human capital or education.
Some employers still feel that the real bread winner is the man and women will probably leave to raise a family.
Glass Ceiling - The unofficial, invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing in a business dominated by white males.

7. Pay Levels for Minorities
Minorities tend to earn lower pay than Caucasians.
This is due partly to productivity differences based on education and work experience.
Non-discrimination laws are in part designed to help minorities gain education and access to job experience and close the wage gap.
Other Factors Affecting Wages
Minimum wage laws, work-place safety laws, employer decisions, and labor unions affect wages.

8.  Minimum Wage Laws
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 created a federal minimum wage.
Minimum wage is the lowest amount that an employer can pay an employee (price floor).
Supporters of minimum wage believe that it helps the poorest workers earn enough to support themselves.
Critics point out that the minimum
wage decreases the quantity of
labor demanded and increases unemployment.
Safety Laws
Employers often lower wages to pay
for safety regulation compliance.
Less danger = less pay.

9. Employers Respond to Wage Levels
Employers may take action to try to lower wage levels.
For example, they may substitute machines for people like bank tellers for ATM machines.
Firms may also take their operations to certain countries overseas where the price of labor is cheaper.
For example, manufacturing
televisions in Mexico.

10. Unions
Labor union - An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members.
Nationally, union members do tend to earn higher wages than nonunion workers.
Featherbedding - The practice of negotiating labor contracts that keep unnecessary workers on the company payroll.
Critics of unions claim that above market negotiated union wages slows capital formation and eventually decreases consumers’ purchasing power.

11. The End