2. PROPERLY using punctuation marks! HyphensDashesEllipses BracketsParentheses SemicolonsColons

3. Good writers & Punctuation!!! Good writers use punctuation to emphasize and clarify. They have reasons (beyond just being aware of rules) for punctuating the way they do just as they have reasons for using certain words and sentence structures.

4. Using Hyphens (-) …in a compound adjective (two adjectives joined together to describe the same noun) – Example: Gary Paulsen is a well-known author. Well- known describes author in this sentence. …if the compound adjective comes after the noun, do not use a hyphen. Example: Nike is a brand that is well known. Well known describes brand in this sentence and appears after the noun it’s describing. …in compound numbers – Example: The president must be thirty-five years old.

5. Using Hyphens (-) continued… With the following prefixes—ex-, self-, all- —Examples: – ex- (meaning former) as in ex-mayor – self- as in self-righteous – all- as in all-inclusive With the following suffix— -elect -elect (e.g., president-elect) —Example: The mayor-elect was self-confident he would do a good job for the city.

6. Hyphens Guided Practice 1. We were delayed by a slow moving train. 2. My impatient sister-in-law was really upset. 3. All twenty one students in my math class appeared to be self motivated as we prepared to take the big test. 4. Everyone was supposed to read pages 24-94 over the weekend. 5. Caleb was an all state running back his senior year in high school.

7. Hyphens Guided Practice—Answers 1. We were delayed by a slow-moving train. 2. My impatient sister-in-law was really upset. Correct 3. All twenty-one students in my math class appeared to be self- motivated as we prepared to take the big test. 4. Everyone was supposed to read pages 24-94 over the weekend. Correct 5. Caleb was an all-state running back his senior year in high school.

8. Using Dashes (--) Indicates a dramatic pause or special emphasis. — Example: I knew the material perfectly--until test day. Dashes are used to emphasize information that interrupts the flow of the sentence. — Example: Three prominent citizens--Edwin Wilkes, Tom Smith, and Roberta Marsh--were elected to the board. ____________________________________________________________ A dash can also be used to highlight a special comment or shift in meaning at the end of a sentence. ____________________________________________________________ A dash is also found before a summarizing phrase or clause that follows a list. — Example: My schedule, math, English, psychology, communications— means I have a busy schedule this quarter.

9. Dashes Guided Practice Instructions: Use dashes where they are needed in the following sentences. 1. We will invite Susan she is the new girl next door to our party. 2. The dog slid on the vinyl his nails acting like skates and crashed into the trash can. 3. When our stockpile was sold indeed, dumped for surplus all our sales were compromised. 4. Today has been but I will not bore you with my troubles. 5. Let me tell you about watch where you are going!

10. Dashes Guided Practice— Answers Instructions: Use dashes where they are needed in the following sentences. 1.We will invite Susan--she is the new girl next door--to our party. 2. The dog slid on the vinyl--his nails acting like skates--and crashed into the trash can. 3. When our stockpile was sold--indeed, dumped for surplus-- all our sales were compromised. 4. Today has been--but I will not bore you with my troubles. 5. Let me tell you about--watch where you are going!

11. Using Ellipses ( … ) To show an omission (exclusion of information) in a quotation. – Example: “Congress shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise … of freedom of speech.” To express hesitation, changes of mood, suspense, or thoughts trailing off. ** Writers also use ellipses to indicate a pause or uncertainty in an otherwise straightforward sentence. – Example: I don't know … I'm not sure. – Example: Pride is one thing, but what happens if she … ? – Example: “I don’t know where to turn …,” she cried.

12. Using Ellipses ( …) Use ellipsis points (... ) to mark omissions from quoted materials and pauses in a written EXAMPLE “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.... [H]ow many pecks of pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?”

13. Using Ellipses ( … ) Ellipses save space or remove material that is less relevant. They are useful in getting right to the point without delay or distraction. Example: Full quotation: "Today, after hours of careful thought, we vetoed the bill.“ With ellipsis: "Today … we vetoed the bill."

14. Ellipses Guided Practice

15. Using Parentheses ( ) To indicate additional information within a sentence – Example: The teacher (who always has a smile) greeted the students. To surround numbers or letters in a list – Example: Before you go to bed, (1) do your homework, (2) clean your room, and (3) brush your teeth. To enclose a date – Example: George Washington (1732-1799) was our first president.

16. Parentheses Guided Practice 1.Chapter Four pages 123-156 is one of the most difficult we will study this quarter. 2.I have seen many changes most of them for the better at Sinclair during the last ten years. 3.When you get to school, eat breakfast, take your absent note to the front office, and go to tutoring.

17. Using Brackets [ ] To insert something that is already enclosed in parentheses – Example: The book (which was very long [968 pages]) was difficult to finish. To insert words or phrases giving further explanation to direct quotations – Example: The student said, “It [the baked macaroni] was my favorite dish.”

18. When using brackets in sentences within parenthesis, you MUST follow a specific order. The order is as follows: 1. Opening parenthesis 2. Opening bracket 3. Closing bracket 4. Closing parenthesis Example: The package includes several things ( mainly CDs [ compact discs ]).

19. Brackets Guided Practice 1. My mom said, "She my little sister cannot use the car on Saturday." 2. The author (Andrew Jones [1922-1978] was also an illustrator) won numerous awards for his writing. 3. And I quote, "You [new students] must attend at least one orientation session.“ 4. Bill Clinton [president of the United States [1993-2001) is from Arkansas.

20. What is the difference between parentheses and brackets? Parentheses are used for text that is part of the original sentence but can be omitted. Examples: We were very happy to see them (all of them). For more information, see the chapter entitled "Birds" (page 5). I was very surprised (and it's pretty hard to surprise me!). Brackets are typically used to explain or clarify the original text by an editor. Example: She [Martha] is a great friend of us.  In this example "Martha" was not part of the original sentence, and the editor added it for clarification. Example: Many sheeps [ships] left the port.  In this example the original writer made a spelling mistake. So later on, when someone quoted them, they added "[ships]" for clarification. "Ships" was not part of the original sentence.

21. Using Semicolons ( ; ) Between independent clauses in a compound sentence without a coordinating conjunction – Example: We bought a house on the west side of town ; they bought theirs on the east side. Before a conjunctive adverb (e.g., however, otherwise, therefore, also, consequently, etc.) used to connect independent clauses. **Remember, a comma goes after the conjunctive adverb. – Example: It is late ; otherwise, I would go to the movies.

22. Using Semicolons ( ; ) continued To separate a series of phrases or clauses that have punctuation, like commas, in them – Example: The winning team included three boys from the same school: Joe Smith, the catcher ; Jose Martinez, the short stop ; and Dave Larsen, the right fielder. The example sentence uses ___________ phrases.

23. Semicolons Guided Practice 1. Lightning struck our oak tree it didn’t fall. 2. Micah had three women in her bridal party: Anissa, the matron of honor, Kelsi, the maid of honor; and the bridesmaids, Leslie, Keeley, and Sonya. 3. Many flowers and shrubs help attract a large variety of birds besides they beautify the yard. 4. Micah found different kinds of birds prefer different kinds of seeds; therefore, he purchases several mixtures.

24. Using Colons ( : ) After an independent clause that introduces a list that follows – Example: On vacation, we traveled through three states : Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. After the salutation (greeting) in a business letter – Example: To whom it may concern :

25. Using Colons ( : ) continued To combine two independent clauses following a specific format Format: General statement : example of general statement Example: Denzel Washington is an excellent actor : he won an Oscar for his performance in Training Day.

26. Colons Guided Practice 1. Wilt Chamberlain was an exceptional basketball player he set the NBA single-game scoring record by tallying 100 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a 169-147 victory over the New York Knicks in 1962. 2. The shaping of glass can be accomplished by these four methods blowing, pressing, drawing, and casting. 3. iSTEAM is a wonderful program: it allows students to acquire 21 st century skills that will benefit them in their future endeavors. 4. Flat glass is used when very clear, precise vision is required; it comes in the following classifications sheet, plate, and float.