1. Nadiah Alanazi 1 Chapter 24 Gauss’s Law 24.1 Electric Flux 24.2 Gauss’s Law 24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

2. Nadiah Alanazi 2 24.1 Electric Flux The total number of lines penetrating the surface is proportional to the product EA. This product of the magnitude of the electric field E and surface area A perpendicular to the field is called the electric flux From the SI units of E and A, we see that Φ E has units of newton-meters squared per coulomb (N.m 2 /C) Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines penetrating some surface.

3. Nadiah Alanazi 3 Example 24.1 Electric Flux Through a Sphere What is the electric flux through a sphere that has a radius of 1.00 m and carries a charge of +1.00μC at its center?

4. Nadiah Alanazi 4 If the surface under consideration is not perpendicular to the field. the number of lines that cross this area A is equal to the number that cross the area A'. the two areas are related by A' = A cosθ. the flux through A is the flux through a surface of fixed area A has a maximum value EA when the surface is perpendicular to the field the flux is zero when the surface is parallel to the field

5. Nadiah Alanazi 5 Consider a general surface divided up into a large number of small elements, each of area ΔA. It is convenient to define a vector ΔA i whose magnitude represents the area of the ith element of the surface and whose direction is defined to be perpendicular to the surface element, The electric field E i at the location of this element makes an angle θ i with the vector ΔA i The electric flux ΔΦ E through this element is The general definition of electric flux is a surface integral

6. Nadiah Alanazi 6 The flux through a closed surface ▫At the element labeled , the field lines are crossing the surface from the inside to the outside and θ<90°; hence, the flux ΔΦ E =E.ΔA 1 through this element is positive. ▫For element , the field lines graze the surface (perpendicular to the vector ΔA 2 ); thus, θ=90° and the flux is zero. ▫For elements such as , where the field lines are crossing the surface from outside to inside, 180°> θ > 90° and the flux is negative because cosθ is negative.

7. Nadiah Alanazi 7 The net flux through the surface is proportional to the net number of lines leaving the surface, where the net number means the number leaving the surface minus the number entering the surface. where E n represents the component of the electric field normal to the surface.

8. Nadiah Alanazi 8 Example 24.2 Flux Through a Cube Consider a uniform electric field E oriented in the x direction. Find the net electric flux through the surface of a cube of edge length l

9. Nadiah Alanazi 9