1. Historical Events: Roots and Impacts Review modern European history through events that initiated major changes

2. Roots and Impacts Important events in history often produce wide-ranging and dramatic consequences. Following slides contain a events, followed by the roots of the that event and then the consequences.

4. Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope Roots-Prince Henry’s school of navigation, new developments in navigation, and competition for the Italian trade Opening of the Atlantic, wider knowledge of geography, age of colonialism, global economy

5. Johannes Gutenberg printed the first Bible Roots-revival of education, pressure for correct texts, slow process of block printing Consequences-knowledge explosion, Reformation, more widespread education, lessening of class distinction, development of a learned class

7. Johann Tetzel sold indulgences Corruption of medieval religion, need for salvation, Church doctrine on indulgences Consequences-The Ninety-Five Theses, Protestant churches, end of religious uniformity in Western Europe

8. Nicolaus Copernicus investigated Ptolemaic astronomy Roots-Ptolemaic concept of the universe, Christian sense of Creation, new investigation of humanism Consequences-heliocentric theory, Scientific Revolution, new concept of mankind in universe

10. James II converted to Catholicism Roots-principle of absolutism supported by the Catholic Church, England's split with Rome under Henry VIII Consequences- Glorious Revolution, parliamentary democracy, concept of limited democracy, modern political theory

11. Syndics of the Cloth hired Rembrandt van Rijn to paint their group portrait Roots- Commercial Revolution, independence of Dutch merchants, Amsterdam’s position as center of financial world Consequences- Dutch financial supremacy, wars with Britain and France, rise of bourgeoisie in European society, art of the middle class

13. Jacques Necker was fired Roots-profligacy of Louis XV, incompetence of Louis XVI, strained relations among Three Estates in France Consequences-end of the Bourbon monarchy in France, French Revolution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

14. James Watt invented the steam engine Roots-experimental science, atmosphere for creativity in Britain, practical needs Consequences-Transportation Revolution, new source of power, narrowing of world

16. Friedrich Engels visited his father’s factory Roots-Industrial Revolution, social injustice, Factory Acts and humanitarianism Consequences-met Marx, rise of active socialism, Russian Revolution

17. Otto von Bismarck witnessed the humiliation of the King in the 1848 revolutions Roots-Revolutions of 1848, rise of Prussia and the Junker class, German disunity Consequences-German unification, centralization of power in the executive branch, World War One

19. Adolf Hitler dreamed of the unity of Europe Roots-Outcome of treaty of Versailles for Germany, inflation, anti-Semitism Consequences- Third Reich, totalitarian societies, WWII, Holocaust, revived German spirit

20. Robert Schuman dreamed of the unity of Europe Roots-World War II, decline of empire, great prosperity of 19 th century, economic nationalism before WWI Consequences- European Economic Community, move toward European Parliament, euro as a common currency