1. The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce1
The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce

2. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Chapter 1 Contents
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
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3. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Biotechnology – using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem
Historical Examples
Fermentation
Selective breeding
Use of antibiotics
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4. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Example of Biotechnology – Selective Breeding
What feature of Casper makes it a "model organism" to study migration of cancer cells compared to wildtype fish?
(a)
(b)
Normal zebrafish
"Casper" zebrafish – made by selective breeding
Answer: Via selective breeding, by mating a zebrafish mutant that lacked reflective pigment with a zebrafish that lacked black pigment, Casper is transparent. This feature allows scientists to inject fluorescent cancer cells into Casper's abdominal cavity and then track the migration of those cells to specific locations in his body.
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5. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Based on this tree, can you become successful in the biotech industry only studying biology?
Answer: No, you need to take many science courses including biology, computer science, chemistry, math (especially statistics). If you are not broadly trained, you will not be able to obtain a job in this growing field!
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6. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Modern Examples
Gene cloning
Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Human Genome Project
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7. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Example of "modern" biotechnology:
recombinant DNA technology started modern biotech as an industry
Examples of applications
development of disease-resistant plants
food crops that produce greater yields
"golden rice" engineered to be more nutritious
genetically engineered bacteria that can degrade environmental pollutants
Work in groups to come up with more examples of applications
Answer: The answers will vary.
Low cost production of proteins used to treat diseases
Development of recombinant enzymes to be used by molecular biologists for research
Students can come up with many more great ideas. This exercise really makes students stretch their imaginations and they really enjoy working together to generate great ideas!
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8. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Look at the two chromosomes and determine which chromosome has more than one gene involved in promoting breast cancer. Explain your answer.
Now use the link to further study the diseases involved in these chromosomes
Answer: chromosome 13 has 2 genes listed regarding breast cancer and chromosome 21 only has 1 gene related to breast cancer.
Answer: this is an exploratory exercise for the students- answers will vary depending on what diseases they further studied.
chromosome 13:
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay
bladder cancer
breast cancer
COL4A1-related brain small-vessel disease
familial porencephaly
Fanconi anemia
hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps syndrome
limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
nonsyndromic deafness
nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly
ornithine translocase deficiency
Peters plus syndrome
propionic acidemia
retinoblastoma
succinate-CoA ligase deficiency
Tourette syndrome
Troyer syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome
Wilson disease
Chromosome 21:
Alzheimer disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, type 1
Bethlem myopathy
familial atrial fibrillation
glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency
holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
homocystinuria
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Knobloch syndrome
microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II
Romano-Ward syndrome
Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy
Unverricht-Lundborg disease
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9. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Most drugs are developed to combat diseases affecting humans – Why?
Which disease has the most drug candidates? Why does that disease have more drug candidates than hepatitis C?
Answer: This reflects the current needs of humans- we have too many diseases and currently too few drugs to target them.
Answer: By far, cancer has the most drug candidates than any other disease. This disease has many more drug candidates than hepatitis C because hepatitis C affects less people worldwide than different kinds of cancer. Cancer, of course, can affect many different organs. On the other hand, hepatitis C only affects the liver.
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10. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Use genetically modified cultured cells to make protein of interest
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11. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
Products of Modern Biotechnology
Example of proteins created by gene cloning called recombinant proteins
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12. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Microbial Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
Forensic Biotechnology
Bioremediation
Aquatic Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Regulatory Biotechnology
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13. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria
Create better enzymes
More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal
Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine
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14. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
United Nations Food and Agricultural Org. predicts by 2050, we will need to feed a world population of 9.1 billion! This requires raising food production by approximately 70%!
Work in groups to brainstorm a few solutions to better feed the world by 2050.
Answer: This will vary, depending on what students come up with. Probably, most will discuss use of recombinant technology to genetically modify foods. For example, scientists can create better crops that are perhaps more drought resistant. They can create ways to better preserve fruits and vegetables so they don't quickly rot and get wasted. Perhaps create crops that are foul tasting to pests including bugs and animals so that the crops survive. Perhaps create ways to have crops grow even in the most extreme conditions. Students will probably discuss better ways to feed people without relying on being carnivores. A lot of the discussion will be ways to obtain proteins from other novel food sources.
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15. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
Plants more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered)
Resistance to diseases and insects
Foods with higher protein or vitamin content
Drugs developed and grown as plant products
These better plants ultimately reduce production costs to help feed the growing world population
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16. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
Work in groups to discuss how you can use this technology in a third world country to create a better corn crop (main crop in that country) that contains all of the 22 essential amino acids.
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17. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Will improved crops that are created to satisfy world hunger reduce available land for biofuel crops? Discuss in groups.
Answer: This is an ethical question and should lead to some powerful discussions during class. Make sure to discuss what is meant by biofuel crops.
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18. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins
Antibodies
Transgenic animals
Animals as important models in basic research
Gene "knockout" experiments
Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies
Animal cloning
Source of transplant organs
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19. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
transgenic animal: way to achieve large scale production of therapeutic proteins from animals for use in humans
Female transgenic animals express therapeutic proteins in milk (contains genes from another source)
Example: human genes coding for clotting proteins can be introduced into female goats for production of these proteins in their milk
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20. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
Gene knockout:
Disrupt a gene in the animal and then look at what functions are affected in the animal as a result of the loss of the gene
This allows researchers to determine the role and function of the gene
Since humans are similar to rats and mice, gene knockout studies in rats and mice can lead to better understanding of gene function in humans.
Work in groups and give an example of a gene you would like to knockout in mice.
Answer: Will vary depending on the group's idea.
Perhaps, you want to study the role of insulin in preventing diabetes. By knocking out the gene coding for insulin, you can observe the animal's response (development of diabetes). Then scientists can inject recombinant insulin to the animal and again, study their responses to the treatment.
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21. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Forensic Biotechnology
DNA fingerprinting
Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion
Paternity cases
Identification of human remains
Endangered species
Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
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22. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Forensic Biotechnology
Based on DNA results from this gel, did the defendant commit this crime? Explain based on the gel results.
Answer: Based on the gel results, there is evidence that the defendant committed the crime. The position of the bands as well as number of bands on the gel match with the victim's blood. It is important to note, that though the bands are very light for the sample from the jeans, they also match the victim's blood.
Based on this gel, you CAN ONLY say that the defendant is linked to the crime scene. You cannot use this evidence to state that the defendant is guilty of the murder.
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23. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Bioremediation
The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances
Particularly those that contribute to environmental pollution
Example – stimulated growth of bacteria that degrade components in crude oil
1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
2010 Deep Water Horizon spill promoted research into natural oil-degrading organisms and enzymes
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24. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Bioremediation – adding nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria to clean up oil spill
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25. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Aquatic Biotechnology
Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources
50% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide
Genetic engineering
Disease-resistant strains of oysters
Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and other finfish
Transgenic salmon that overproduce growth hormone
Bioprospecting: rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits
Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules
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26. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Aquatic Biotechnology
Why create transgenic salmon overproducing growth hormone?
How does this modified salmon help humans?
transgenic
Answer 1. By creating transgenic salmon that overproduce Growth Hormone, it allows the salmon to have fast growth rates over a short period of time.
Answer 2. This modified salmon helps humans because it decreases the time and expenses required to grow the salmon for market sale.
normal
Two different salmon
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27. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine
Preventive medicine
Diagnosis of health and illness
Treatment of human diseases
New information from Human Genome Project
Gene therapy
Stem cell technologies
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28. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Stem cells – grown in lab and then treated with different chemicals to allow them to develop into specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant
Current use: stem cells are used for diabetes; spinal cord injuries
Work in groups to come up with a list of other diseases you have read about in the newspaper or heard on the news that scientists are testing with stem cells.
Answer: the answers will vary! Remember, most of these diseases are only be tested with stem cell therapy in animal models. They are not being used in the clinic yet!!!
Some possible answers:
Parkinson's
Alzheimer's
Leukemia
Other types of cancer
Eye diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration
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29. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Medical biotechnology
Genes are headline news items
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30. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
Regulatory Biotechnology
Quality Assurance (QA)
All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product
Quality Control (QC)
Part of QA process that involves lab testing and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards
Together QA and QC ensure that biotechnology products meet strict standards for purity and performance
Why as a consumer should you care about a product undergoing intense regulations?
Answer: You want to use a product that will be used only to do its specified job. If it is contaminated with some other source, it might not do its job! For example, when you buy a car at the dealer, you are ensured that the car will work because of high regulations within that industry. Now that biotech is a mainstay, it also needs tight regulations too!
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31. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead?
Human Genome Project
Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes
Human proteome
Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell
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32. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to individual
These variations are the cause of some genetic diseases (sickle cell anemia)
SNPs will help identify genes involved in medical conditions including arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses
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33. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Example of SNPs and breast cancer
Identification of SNPs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes involved in promoting breast cancer led to development of better targeted treatments for people who have those specific gene mutations
Can you think of how this knowledge might be useful for someone who is not already diagnosed with cancer? (Hint: think of your basic knowledge of genetics.)
Answer: Assume that your mom and sister both had breast cancer and found out that they both had the BRCA1 gene mutation. Your doctor would counsel you to be tested for this mutation too. Then, if you have the mutation, the doctor could monitor you more closely for developing breast cancer. If you were to develop this cancer, they would be able to catch it early on when you have a better chance of being treated successfully. It is important to note that even if you were tested and had this genetic mutation, it does NOT mean that you will definitely develop cancer. It just means that you have an increased risk! It is also important to note that both men and women can develop breast cancer.
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34. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Example of how we can benefit from the human genome project
Based on the figure, why doesn't person 2 develop a genetic disease due to the SNP (G → T)?
Answer: Since there can be multiple codons coding for the same amino acid, then even if person 2 has a SNP, the new codon can still code for the same amino acid as in person 1. Thus, the same protein will ultimately be made and it will therefore have the correct function. This type of mutation is called silent since the nucleotide change did not affect a change in the amino acid sequence.
Person 3 had a SNP that changed the codon so it coded for a different amino acid. Thus, this will affect the way the protein is folded and, if not in the proper structure, it will have impaired function or perhaps no function.
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35. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
How can you test one person's DNA for many different SNPs?
Microarray (gene chip)
Isolate DNA from patient
Apply this sample to a microarray which contains many DNA sequences
Compare patterns of DNA binding between patient's DNA and DNA on microarray to reveal patient's SNP patterns
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36. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead?
Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine
Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient
Do microarray analysis and then design drugs against genes that are mutated for an individual patient
Metabolomics
A snapshot of the small molecules produced during cellular metabolism
Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules
Can distinguish between disease process and physiological adaptation
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37. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead?
Nanotechnology
Applications that incorporate extremely small devices
Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells
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38. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Gene therapy technology
Replacing or augmenting defective genes with normal copies of the gene
Still have barriers to overcome before this technology becomes safe and effective
Obstacles include:
How can normal genes be delivered to virtually all cells in the body?
What are the long-term effects of introducing extra genes in humans?
What must be done to ensure the proper protein is made after the genes are delivered to the body?
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39. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is emerging technology to silence genes that are involved in disease progression
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40. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Stem cell technology
Stem cells are immature cells that grow and divide to produce different cell types
Most stem cells are from embryos called embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but they are controversial since the process involves death of an embryo
Some stem cells are from adult cells (ASCs)
Either type of stem cell can be coaxed to grow into cells of interest to replace damaged tissue or failing organs (liver, pancreas, retina)
Work in groups to explain why scientists are doing more research using embryonic vs. adult stem cells.
Answer: Scientists are using embryonic cells more often because they can give rise to all kinds of cells in the body. Adult stem cells are limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin.
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41. 1.3 Biotechnology in the 21st Century
ESCs can give rise to many types of differentiated cells
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42. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead?
Regenerative medicine
Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions
In future scientists will be able to…
1. Isolate adult stem cells from a patient with a
genetic disorder
2. Genetically manipulate these cells by gene therapy approaches
3. Reinsert the cells into the same patient to help treat their genetic disease
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43. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
Biotechnology is a global industry
Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide revenues
$40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the United States
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44. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
Differences between a biotech and pharmaceutical company
Pharmaceutical companies is involved in drug development (chemically synthesizing or purifying compounds to make the drug)
Pharmaceutical company does not use living organisms to grow or produce a product
Biotech company is involved in drug development using live organisms
Biotech companies also create products that are not drugs
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45. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
Insert table 1.3
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46. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
How does a biotech company start?
Generally created as a startup company with few employees backed by venture capital investments (derived from financial institutions and private donors called angel investors)
Why invest as an angel donor? To ultimately have company ownership in exchange for donating funds – get rich if company is successful!
Takes 10 years to get a product to market at a big cost!
Eventually startups are bought out by bigger established companies
Bringing drug close to market = value to the company
File for initial public offering (IPO) stock
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47. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
Jobs in Biotechnology
Research and development: preclinical, discovery research, bioinformatics, lab safety
Operations: process/product development, manufacturing and production
Quality: quality control and assurance
Clinical research: clinical research and regulatory affairs
Finance and administration: finance, business development, administration, information systems, legal, facilities management
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48. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
Based on this graph, which type of job requires more education and why?
Answer: Research and development jobs require the most education because these people are involved in the design, execution, and interpretation of the experiments and results. They also have to be able to read and interpret scientific literature. They must sometimes prepare technical reports, write lab protocols and data summaries. Overall, they must understand the scientific details of their project. They generally collaborate with other scientists on a team.
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49. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
Organizational structure of medium sized biotech company
Based on this table, which jobs look like they require the least amount of education?
Answer: For the R&D part of the company, it would be the glass washer and for the finance and operations, it would be the shipper/ receiver. Based on this overview of a typical medium sized biotech company, even a person with barely a high school diploma can obtain a job in that industry.
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50. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
What is the best approach to landing a good job in a biotech company?
Obtain a degree in molecular biology, biochemistry, or bioinformatics
Minor in information technology
Take lots of math courses
Have great skills in oral and written communication
Must be a collaborative team player
Why go into this field? It pays well and is personally rewarding!
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