1. EPHEMEROPTERA

2. Two theories of flight

3. Entognatha Archaeognatha Zygentoma = Thysanura Ephemeroptera Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea ? Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Holometabola Neoptera Insecta Pterygota Apterygotes Paleoptera Hemimetabolous Holometabolous Hexapoda

4. Entognatha Hexapoda Insecta Archaeognatha Ephemeroptera Odonata Pterygota Thysanura Paleoptera Neoptera Phylogeny of the Paleoptera Sister group to pterygote insects

5. Insecta Ephemeroptera Odonata Pterygota Thysanura Paleoptera Neoptera Phylogeny of the Paleoptera 1) No abdominal appendages in adult 2) No wings 1) Axillary sclerite doesn’t permit wing folding 1) Subimago stage 2) Costal brace

6. Ephemeroptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders ca. 2000 Ephemero - short-lived, ptera - wings mayflies, shadflies Nymphs - aquatic, Adult - aerial -three tails (cerci) -non-foldable wings -short lived -don’t feed as adults – no mouthparts

7. Paleontology of Mayflies Modern mayflies Stem families 1) ≈ wings 2) Mouthparts in adults

8. Ephemeroptera - Wings

9. Costal brace

10. Ephemeroptera Superficially look like Plecoptera (stoneflies) but… EphemeropteraPlecoptera -abodminal gills -thoracic gills

11. Ephemeroptera -originally terrestrial - then invaded water -first invade lotic streams -then radiate to lentic streams

12. Ephemeroptera - Life History Egg laying nymph subimago imago (adult) Mating swarm

13. Timing of life stages June December SeptemberMarch Nymph Adult

14. Ephemeroptera - Life History NymphEcological Specialization Free-ranging Clinging Silt Climbers Clinging Burrowers

15. Ephemeroptera - Life History Nymph Feeding Mode Shredder Scraper Predator Gatherer Filter feeder

16. Ephemeroptera - Life History Subimago

17. Ephemeroptera - Life History Subimago to Adult -add genitalia -wings clear

18. Ephemeroptera - Mating

19. Male Female in vegetation Giant Mayfly Mating

21. Ephemeroptera - Egg laying Females lay eggs by: 1) Dropping on surface while flying 2) Place on stones underwater 3) Spread underwater 4) Rupture female’s body

22. Ephemeroptera - Egg laying

23. Hatching is temperature sensitive 100 75 50 25 % eggs hatched Temperature (ºC) 5 10 15 20

24. Ephemeroptera as Indicator Species

25. SpeciesGeneral habitatFeedingpHOxygen % Trophic level Baetis vagansgravel, streamsscraper≥7100Oligo Epeorus vitreusgravel, streamsshredder>7100Oligo Ephemera simulans sand, gravel, lakes, streams predator, gatherer, shredder ≥750-100Meso-Oligo Ephemerella subvariagravel, streamsscraperapprox. 7100Oligo Ephemerella cornutagravel, streamsscraperapprox. 7100Oligo Heptagenia flavescenswood, rock, streamsshredder, gatherer?50-100Meso-Eutro Hexagenia limbatamud, lakespredator>7 ≅ 100 Meso-Oligo Hexagenia recurvatamud, cold streamspredator≥7100Oligo Isonychia bicolorswimmer, streamsfilter feeder≥7100Oligo Paraleptophlebia debilis gravel, rocks, streamsgatherer, shredder>7100Dyst-Oligo Rhithrogena undulatagravel, rocks, streamsgatherer≥7100Oligo Stenacron interpunctatum rocks, lakes, streams, ponds gatherer, scraper 725-100all levels Stenonema tripunctatum rocks, streamsgatherer, scraper≥7 - >750-100all levels Stenonema femoratumrocks, streamsgatherer, scraper>7100Oligo Tricorythodes minutus indifferent, streams only gatherer>725-100Meso, Dyst Ephemeroptera as Indicator Species

26. Ephemeroptera video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7dB51cfxek http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBHBfck67D8&feature=related