1. Islam Spreads: India and Southeast Asia

2. Islam in South Asia/India 1 st Wave: INVASIONS 711: Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sind region & Indus Valley for Umayyad People welcomed lower taxes religious tolerance India influenced Islam: Math, astronomy, medicine, music, building styles, Hindu mysticism(?)

3. . 2 nd Wave of Invasions Mahmud of Ghazni- from Afghanistan took India from declining Abbasids WHY? extravagant wealth of empire Muhammad of Ghur expanded to Bengal Sultans established capital at Delhi with a variety of Persian, Turkish, Afghan until 16 th century

4. Patterns of Conversion Islamic conversion was voluntary and peaceful Sufi mystics attractive to Buddhists, untouchables & low caste groups Merchant converts improved economic relationships with Muslim traders

5. We see the 3 Ms!!! Military- Mahmud, Delhi Merchants Missionary- Sufi’s and untouchables

6. Muslim v. Hindu Islam Rigid egalitarian, stern doctrine Monotheistic adopted Hindu styles marriage practices Hinduism: Absorptive supportive of caste system responded with focus on Bhakti mystic cults Most showed little interest in Islam

7. Islam & SE Asia 8 th century: Coastal trade (2 nd “M”!) dominated by Muslims; 13 th century: Collapse of Shrivijaya (SE Asian trading empire) allowed Islam's entrance Merchants & Sufis (3 rd “M”!) brought Islam to Malacca to Malaya & Sumatra; Sufis tolerated earlier animist, Hindu & Buddhist beliefs Bali & Mainland SE Asia did not convert

8. African Civilization & the Spread of Islam Chapter 8

9. I. African Societies Pre-Islam Bantu migration provided common language background Animistic religion & belief in naturalistic forces; common belief in creator deity Mixed Economy: agriculture, Active trade & Market Life http://www.google.com/imgres?q=bantu+migration&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=840&tbm=isch&tbnid=qHelsCvf9NjTw M:&imgrefurl=http://people.eku.edu/davisb/Africa/Ch7notes.htm&docid=9KQlxftqqoWBjM&imgurl=http://people.eku.edu/davisb/Africa/Bantu migrationmap1.gif&w=405&h=405&ei=xqRYUPu9CMr0iQLl14GYBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=63&sig=107074975010236596184&page=1&tbnh= 152&tbnw=152&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:76&tx=102&ty=84&surl=1

10. Arrival of Islam Between 640-700 Muslim conquered N. Africa; conversion was rapid. Why? Equality, Political Unity attractive to diverse Africans Native African Berber Kingdoms emerged in opposition to Arabs. Who? Almoravids & Almohadis became radical Islamic movement pushing Islam South; used jihad- holy war http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=36412

11. Christian Kingdoms Axum, Egypt & Nubia (descendents of Kush) Ethiopia emerged as new Christian dynasty from Axum; struggles between Christian & Muslim persist http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=bantu+migration&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&biw=1280&bih=840&wrapid=tlif134798651204210&surl=1&safe=active&um= 1&ie=UTF- 8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=VqRYUKKpBuHWiwKuzYD4Dg#um=1&hl=en&safe=active&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=north+africa+map&oq=north+africa+map&gs_ l=img.1.0.0j0i5l2j0i24l7.8484.11063.11.13907.12.10.0.0.0.1.188.1062.6j4.10.0...0.0...1c.1.yOqCfrwz27g&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=fa0fa40884b0c6b7&biw=79 2&bih=478

12. Ghana There were a number of Sudanic States: Ghana was the first large empire (trade and location)

13. Mali Economy Agricultural basis with active trade (salt, gold, etc) specialized trading group, juula Strong legal authority provided easy travel and trade Politics Sundiata attained legendary hero status attributed with social structure; 16 clans of free people, 5 religious clans, 4 specialized clans Mansa Musa’s Muslim pilgrimage gave Mali recognition & new innovation Brought renown to Mali He brought back architect Ishak al-Sahili from Muslim Spain

14. Social and Intellectual Towns commercial with many foreign residents Cosmopolitan court of merchants, scholars attracted by power of Sudanic states Timbuktu- Books were symbol of Islamic African civilization 80% of villagers lived by farming with intensive labor requiring multiple wives and many children

15. Songhay Kingdom began to form in 7 th century; dominated Mali by 1370s Sunni Ali, excelled as commander and leader, established askia (future Songhay leaders) Religion -was syncretist fusion of Islam & pagan beliefs that encouraged strict interpretation of Sharia law How was Songhai defeated? Songhay ruled until defeated in 1591 by a Muslim army from Morrocco

16. Sudanic States: Ghana, Mali, Songhay Politics- Patriarchal Leaders or Councils Sacred Rulers associated with rituals Ruling leaders used Islamic titles like caliph to reinforce position same linguistic/ethnicity All used taxes, military support of conquered peoples

17. Religion- Islam emerges to reinforce idea of kingship AND leaderships reinforces Islam Common Religion & Law provided unity Society still matrilineal allowed freedom of movement for women despite Arab restriction Islam encouraged/spread slavery

18. Swahili Coast Coastal Trading Ports Originally inhabited by Bantu people merchants from M. East, China, India Swahili language & cultural traits mixed with active coastal commerce Islam brought to E. Africa from Indian merchants which facilitate trade relationships; primarily among upper ruling merchant classes