1. Lecture 7
paradigms

2. Today’s Outline Topics of discussion included today are,
Paradigms, interaction and Example
Time Sharing
Video Display Units
Programming Toolkits
Window systems and the WIMP interface
Metaphor
Direct manipulation
Language versus Action
Modern evolving paradigms of computing

3. Introduction to Paradigm
The primary objective of an interactive system is to allow the user to achieve particular goals in some application domain, that is, the interactive system must be usable.

4. Introduction to Paradigm
The designer of an interactive system, then, is posed with two open questions:
1. How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?
2. How can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?

5. Paradigms
One approach to answering these questions is by means of example, in which successful interactive systems are commonly believed to enhance usability and, therefore, serve as paradigms for the development of future products.

6. What are Paradigms
Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views
e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian (relativistic) paradigms in physics
Understanding HCI history is largely about understanding a series of paradigm shifts
Not all listed here are necessarily “paradigm” shifts, but are at least candidates
History will judge which are true shifts

7. A paradigm is a way of thinking about the world.

8. Paradigms of interaction
New computing technologies arrive, creating a new perception of the human—computer relationship.
We can trace some of these shifts in the history of interactive technologies.

9. The initial paradigm
Batch processing
Impersonal computing

10. Batch processing Batch Processing
In some systems, the changes are not made immediately but stored up and all performed in one go when the database is not in general use. This is called batch processing.
This type of processing is used when it is not practical break the job into individual parts. Batch processing is ideal for:
Recording attenance records in schools from OMR sheets
Producing bills for electricity, gas and telephone comapnies
Producing monthly bank and credit card statements
In batch processing all the changes (Insertions, deletions, and amendments) are stored up in a transaction file. At a certain point the transaction file will be closed. To update the master file, the transaction and master files go through a merge process to create an updated master file.

11. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Time-sharing
Interactive computing

12. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
@#$% !
???
Community computing

13. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical displays
Move this file here,
and copy this to there.
C…P… filename
dot star… or was
it R…M?
% foo.bar
ABORT
dumby!!!
Direct manipulation

14. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical display
Microprocessor
Personal computing

15. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical display
Microprocessor
WWW
Global information

16. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical display
Microprocessor
WWW
Ubiquitous Computing
A symbiosis of physical and electronic worlds in service of everyday activities.

17. Time-sharing
In the 1940s and 1950s, the significant advances in computing consisted of new hardware technologies.
Mechanical relays were replaced by vacuum electron tubes. Tubes were replaced by transistors, and transistors by integrated chips, all of which meant that the amount of sheer computing power was increasing by orders of magnitude.
By the 1960s it was becoming apparent that the explosion of growth in computing power would be wasted if there was not an equivalent explosion of ideas about how to channel that power.

18. Time Sharing A new concept of time sharing is introduced.
a single computer could support multiple users.
Previously, the programmer was restricted to batch sessions, in which complete jobs were submitted on punched cards or paper tape to an operator who would then run them individually on the computer.

19. Time Sharing
Time-sharing systems of the 1960s made programming a truly interactive venture and brought about a subculture of programmers known as ‘hackers’
i.e.; single-minded masters of detail who took pleasure in understanding complexity.
Now with time-sharing capability, true human computer interaction is possible.

20. Video Display Units
As early as the mid-1950s researchers were experimenting with the possibility of presenting and manipulating information from a computer in the form of images on a video display unit (VDU).
These display screens could provide a more suitable medium than a paper printout for presenting vast quantities of strategic information for rapid assimilation.
The earliest applications of display screen images were
developed in military applications, most notably the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project of the US Air Force.

21. Visual Display units
Primary user hardware for displaying visual media such as graphics, text, images.
Consists of components such as Monitor, Video adapter card, video adapter cable.
Various such devices are CRT, color CRT, DVST, Flat Panel Displays (LCD & Plasma), LED monitors, etc.

22. Old monochrome vs Lcd

23. Video Display Units
In1962, a young graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Ivan Sutherland, astonished the established computer science community with his Sketch pad program, that the capabilities of visual images were realized.

24. Sketch pad Program

25. Video Display Unit Sketchpad demonstrated two important ideas.
First, computers could be used for more than just data processing.
Secondly, Sutherland’s efforts demonstrated how important the contribution of one creative mind

26. Programming Toolkits
Douglas Engelbart’s ambition since the early 1950s was to use computer technology as a means of complementing human problem solving activity.
Engelbart’s idea as a graduate student at the University of California at Berkeley was to use the computer to teach humans.

27. Douglas Engelbart’s ambition
“By ‘augmenting man’s intellect’ we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems.... We refer to a way of life in an integrated domain where hunches, cut-and-try, intangibles, and the human ‘feel for the situation’ usefully coexist with powerful concepts, streamlined terminology and notation, sophisticated methods, and high-powered electronic aids”.

28. Programming Toolkits
Ideas that Engelbart’s team developed at the Augmentation Research Center includes
word processing and
the mouse

29. Programming toolkits in Overview
Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute
1963 – augmenting man's intellect
1968 NLS/Augment system demonstration
the right programming toolkit provides building blocks to producing complex interactive systems

30. Personal computing
1970s – Papert's LOGO language for simple graphics programming by children
A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to user
Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the individual
Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal computer

31. Window systems and the WIMP interface
humans can pursue more than one task at a time
windows used for dialogue partitioning, to “change the topic”
1981 – Xerox Star first commercial windowing system
windows, icons, menus and pointers now familiar interaction mechanisms

32. Metaphor
relating computing to other real-world activity is effective teaching technique
LOGO's turtle dragging its tail
file management on an office desktop
word processing as typing
financial analysis on spreadsheets
virtual reality – user inside the metaphor
Problems
some tasks do not fit into a given metaphor
cultural bias

33. Metaphore
In developing the LOGO language to teach children, Papert used the metaphor of a turtle dragging its tail in the dirt.
Children could quickly identify with the real-world phenomenon and that instant familiarity gave them an understanding of how they could create pictures.

34. Metaphor
Metaphors are used quite successfully to teach new concepts in terms of ones which are already understood.
Metaphors are used to describe the functionality of many interaction widgets, such as windows, menus, buttons and palettes.

35. Direct Manipulation
In the early 1980s as the price of fast and high-quality graphics hardware was steadily decreasing, designers were beginning to see that their products were gaining popularity as their visual content increased.

36. Direct Manipulation
As long as the user–system dialog remained largely unidirectional – from user command to system command line prompt computing was going to stay within the minority population of the hackers (programmers) who reveled in the challenge of complexity.
In a standard command line interface, the only way to get any feedback on the results of previous interaction is to know that you have to ask for it and to know how to ask for it.

37. Direct Manipulation
Rapid feedback is just one feature of the interaction technique known as direct manipulation.

38. Direct Manipulation
Ben Shneiderman highlights the following features of a direct manipulation interface:
visibility of the objects of interest
incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback on all actions
reversibility of all actions, so that users are encouraged to explore without severe penalties
syntactic correctness of all actions, so that every user action is a legal operation
replacement of complex command languages with actions to manipulate directly
the visible objects (and, hence, the name direct manipulation)

39. Direct Manipulation
The first real commercial success which demonstrated the inherent usability of direct manipulation interfaces for the general public was the Macintosh personal computer, introduced by Apple Computer, Inc. in 1984

40. Direct manipulation – in overview
1982 – Shneiderman describes appeal of graphically-based interaction
visibility of objects
incremental action and rapid feedback
reversibility encourages exploration
syntactic correctness of all actions
replace language with action
1984 – Apple Macintosh
the model-world metaphor
What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)

41. Language versus Action
actions do not always speak louder than words!
Image projected as DM – interface replaces underlying system
language paradigm
interface as mediator
interface acts as intelligent agent
programming by example is both action and language

42. Hypertext 1945 – Vannevar Bush and the memex
key to success in managing explosion of information
mid 1960s – Nelson describes hypertext as non-linear browsing structure
hypermedia and multimedia
Nelson's Xanadu the first hypertext project still a dream today
The memex (a portmanteau of "memory" and "index" or "memory" and "extender") is the name of the hypothetical proto-hypertext system that Vannevar Bush described in his 1945 The Atlantic Monthly article "As We May Think".

43. Hypertext and Hypermedia
Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext in 1963.
Also credited for being first to use words like hypermedia.
Hypertext spawned from the concept of Memex (Vannevar Bush):a mechanical desk linked to an extensive archive of microfilms, able to display books, writings, or any document from a library.
Earlier hypertext: footnotes

44. Example of hypertext
<html> <body> <h1>My First Heading</h1> <p>My first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

45. Multimodality a mode is a human communication channel
emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and output

46. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
CSCW removes bias of single user / single computer system
Can no longer neglect the social aspects
Electronic mail is most prominent success

47. The World Wide Web
Hypertext, as originally realized, was a closed system
Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP) and mark-up languages (e.g. HTML) made publishing and accessing easy
Critical mass of users lead to a complete transformation of our information economy.

48. World wide web

49. Agent-based Interfaces
Original interfaces
Commands given to computer
Language-based
Direct Manipulation/WIMP
Commands performed on “world” representation
Action based
Agents - return to language by instilling proactivity and “intelligence” in command processor
Avatars, natural language processing
Agents programming is a modern technique to automate industrial and scientific tasks.

50. Ubiquitous Computing
“The most profound technologies are those that disappear.”
Mark Weiser, 1991
Late 1980’s: computer was very apparent
How to make it disappear?
Shrink and embed/distribute it in the physical world
Design interactions that don’t demand our intention
computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere

51. Sensor-based and Context-aware Interaction
Humans are good at recognizing the “context” of a situation and reacting appropriately
Automatically sensing physical phenomena (e.g., light, temp, location, identity) becoming easier
How can we go from sensed physical measures to interactions that behave as if made “aware” of the surroundings?

52. Summary Today we have covered
Examples of effective strategies for building interactive systems provide paradigms for designing usable interactive systems.
The evolution of computing usability paradigms also provides a good perspective on the history of interactive computing.
Paradigms range from the introduction of time-sharing computers, through the WIMP and web, to ubiquitous and context-aware computing