1. Environmental Science Chapter 16 Review
Bond – funds posted by a mining company before mine operations can begin
Flux – bonds with impurities
Galena – lead-containing ore
Grade – concentration of metal present in an ore
Habitat – protected by the Endangered Species Act
Iron ore – mineral with highest/capita consumption
Metallic – mineral type, conducts electricity
Nonmetallic – mineral type may be translucent
Reclamation – required by SMCRA
Room-and-pillar – type of subsurface mining

2. Environmental Science Chapter 16 Review
Metallic minerals are able to concentrate when magma remains liquid underground because they heat last and rise in the magma.
Veins – ore deposits formed when minerals crystallize out of solutions that work into rock fractures.
Native elements – found in nature as is, not in compounds. (gold, silver, and copper).
Open-pit mining = deposits found near the surface.

3. Environmental Science Chapter 16 Review
Aerial photos and measurements (magnetism & radioactivity) are used to find ore deposits.
Acid mine drainage – harms/kills aquatic organisms
Mine tailings – waste materials with sulfur which can react with oxygen if water is present to make acid. This acid can dissolve harmful metals and release them into the watershed.

4. Environmental Science Chapter 16 Review
Topsoil must be separated from overburden to preserve nutrient-rich soil during reclamation.
Ecosystems are completely transformed with mining and an entirely new ecosystem may develop after reclamation.
Uranium formations have naturally occurring radioactivity. Waste from ore extraction is hazardous.

5. Environmental Science Chapter 16 Review
Smelting process – produces sulfur dioxide, must be captured and not released into atmosphere.
Panning – used in streambeds to find gold. Water erodes and transports minerals into streams where they fall to the streambed and concentrate.

6. Environmental Science Chapter 16 Review
Essay topics.
Name 3 products you use that are derived from minerals. For each, explain the minerals needed to make it and by which method those minerals are obtained.
What do you think sustainability means and why is it of long-term benefit to society?