1. Flower Garden Banks – A Refuge in the Gulf of Mexico? Emma L. Hickerson, George P. Schmahl, Michelle A. Johnston, Marissa F. Nuttall, John A. Embesi, and Ryan J. Eckert Presented by Dr. Billy Causey USA MEXICO CUBA PHOTO CREDIT: FGBNMS/G.P. SCHMAHL FGBNMS located 204 km south of the TX/LA border Near physiological edge of conditions required by hermatypic corals Dominated by large boulder and star coral colonies 50% to 80% coral cover on shallow and mesophotic coral reefs 20 year + long term-monitoring program reflects continued flourishing reef system, however warns of possible anthropogenic and natural stressors threatening the high level of health

2. Annual data collection at all banks. Monitoring co-funded by NOAA/FGBNMS and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 100m x 100m study sites on EFGB and WFGB coral caps, plus deep reef stations (33-40m) Photostations along pinnacles at Stetson Bank Repetitive and random photographs taken to assess change over time for individual colonies, percent cover, species composition, and dominance. Fish surveys conducted to assess abundance, diversity, and biomass. 2009 EFGB2010 EFGB 2009 WFGB2010 WFGB 53.34 53.84 0.13 31.85 13.32 0.10 30.03 14.93 54.49 0.25 32.93 11.15 65.95 0.25 22.03 10.2 Spiny lobster and sea urchin counts conducted. Cores collected for sclerochronology bi-annually. Water quality parameters measured on seafloor and profiles taken opportunistically. Stable reef conditions since the late 1970’s at East and West FGB

3. Stetson Bank Long-term monitoring results Coral Cover Benthic community cover

5. Acknowledgement: Long-term monitoring co-funding provided by Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Bathymetry – Dr. James Gardner, USGS/UNH, NOAA, MMS PHOTO CREDIT: FGBNMS/G.P. SCHMAHL

6. http://flowergarden.noaa.gov