1. Health Science I Mrs. Atchison I
Reproductive System
Health Science I
Mrs. Atchison I

2. Male Reproductive System

3. Structures of the male reproductive system
Reproductive system of ducts
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles- produces secretions that provide nutrients and protection to sperms upon ejaculation
Ejaculatory duct
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

4. Vas Deferens Runs from Epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Seminal Vesicles connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm
Ejaculatory Duct- connect vas deferens with urethra – carries sperm out of testes

5. Structures of the male reproductive system
Scrotum
Sac of skin that contains the testes
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

6. Structures of the male reproductive system
Testes (two)
Primary reproductive organ
About the size of an egg
Seminiferous tubules
Each testis contains 1-4 minute, convoluted tubules
Epididymis
Coiled duct on the posterior and lateral part of the testes
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

7. Structures of the male reproductive system
Penis
Erectile tissue
Prepuce (foreskin)
Covers the tip of the penis
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

8. Contains erectile tissue
Penis
Contains erectile tissue
End of penis covered by loose fitting skin- Foreskin
Foreskin removed during circumcision

9. Testes and Epididymis
Testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) and male sex hormone- testosterone
Found in pouch of skin called a scrotum
Size of a small egg
Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled Seminiferous Tubules-where sperm develop
They join to form the Epididymis where sperm are stored- they join at the ductus deferens (Vas Deferens)

10. Structures of the male reproductive system
Sperm
The male gamete
Smallest cell in the human body.
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

11. Structures of the male reproductive system
Urethra
Connects to reproductive system of ducts
Passage way for urine and sperm
Prostate gland
Surrounds the distal of the urethra
Bulbourethral glands
Located on either side and below the prostate-pressure causes issues with urination
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

12. Prostate Gland Surrounds beginning of urethra
Size and shape of a chestnut
Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility

13. Bulbourethral Glands Located on either side of prostate below prostate
Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer

14. Erection and Ejaculation
Urethra has dual role- excretion of urine and to expel semen
Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
Ejaculation expels semen
Impotence- unable to copulate

15. Question
Which structure produces secretions that provide nutrients and protection to sperms upon ejaculation? 
A.  Fallopian tubes 
B.  Seminal vesicles 
C.  Seminiferous tubules 
D.  Vas deferens 

16. Answer
Seminal vesicles

17. Question
Which gland produces fluid that aids in the expulsion of semen and enhances the motility of sperm? 
A.  Bulbourethral 
B.  Ejaculatory 
C.  Prostate 
D.  Seminal 

18. Answer
Prostate

19. Question
Which 45 centimeter structure of the male reproductive system connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct? 
A.  Bulbourethral gland 
B.  Prostate gland 
C.  Seminal vesicles 
D.  Vas deferens 

20. Answer
Vas Deferens

21. Question
Which structure of the male reproductive system stores sperm and connects to the testes? 
A.  Epididymis 
B.  Penis 
C.  Scrotum 
D.  Testicle

22. Answer
Epididymis

23. Question
Which structure of the male reproductive system surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder? 
A.  Bulbourethral gland 
B.  Prostate gland 
C.  Seminal vesicles 
D.  Thymus gland

24. Answer
Prostate Gland

25. Question
Which structure of the male reproductive system is shared between the urinary and reproductive systems?
A.  Epididymis 
B.  Testes 
C.  Urethra 
D.  Vas deferens 

26. Question
Which structure(s) of the male reproductive system are pea-sized and inferior to the prostate? 
A.  Bulbourethral glands 
B.  Epididymis 
C.  Seminal vesicles 
D.  Urethra 

27. Answer
Bulbourethral glands

28. Correct Flow of Sperm
 What is the correct pathway for sperm from spermatogenesis to ejaculation?
Answer
Testes – Epididymis – Vas Deferens – Ejaculatory Duct – Urethra

29. Question
During a vasectomy what structure is severed to produce sterility in the male?
Answer??

30. Question
If you are having difficulty urinating and the doctor says there may be a problem with one of the glands of the male reproductive system, which gland is he talking about?
Answer??

31. FYI-Descent of the Testes do not copy
In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen
During last 3 months, migrate into scrotum
Cryptorchidism- when testes don’t descend
Rx- surgical procedure before puberty
Scrotum- sac of skin that contains testes

32. Structures of the female reproductive system
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

33. Ovaries Primary sex organs of the female
In lower part of abdominal cavity
About the size of an almond
2 functions:
1. produce ova
2. manufacture female sex hormones - estrogen
Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs

34. Structures of the female reproductive system
Ovary (female gonad)
Located in the pelvic cavity
About the size of an almond
Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs
Ova
Known as the female gamete or Graafian follicle
The ovum is the largest cell in the human body.
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

35. Ovaries cont…
A single follicle matures every 28 days- an ovum matures inside- during the reproductive years
Reproductive ability begins at puberty- when menarche occurs (first menstrual period)
When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins.

36. Structures of the female reproductive system
Female gametes have
22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes – XX
Did you know???
What makes a person a girl instead of a boy???
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

37. Ovaries cont…
After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube
Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, usually within 2 days of ovulation
Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus
Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by LH

38. Structures of the female reproductive system
Fallopian tube
Also known as oviduct or uterine tube
Approximately 4” long
Not attached to the ovaries
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

39. Fallopian Tubes 4” long- not attached to ovaries
Pregnancy that implants in tube- Ectopic pregnancy
Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus

40. Structures of the female reproductive system
Uterus
Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ
Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

41. Uterus Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ.
Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum.
Fundus- bulging upper part of the uterus, the body is the middle portion, and the Cervix is the narrow portion that extends into the vagina

42. Uterus cont…
Uterine wall- 3 layers, outer layer is the visceral peritoneum, thick muscle layer is the myometrium, and the inner mucous layer is the endometrium

43. Structures of the female reproductive system
External genitalia
Vulva
External organs of reproduction
Labia
Folds of skin that surround the vagina
Labia majora
Labia minora
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

44. Vagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining
External Female Genitalia
Vulva- external organs of reproduction
Labia- folds of skin that surround the vagina
Perineum- area between vagina and rectum
Episiotomy- incision in perineum to make more room for childbirth

45. Structures of the female reproductive system
External genitalia
Clitoris
Erectile tissue
Perineum
Area between the vagina and rectum
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

46. Structures of the female reproductive system
Mammary glands (breasts)
Consists of 15 or 20 lobes of granular and adipose tissue
Areola
Darkened area that surrounds the nipple
4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

47. Breast (Mammary Glands)
Accessory organs
Areola- darkened area that surrounds the nipple
Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth
A breast feeding mom’s left breast is red, tender, and edematous.She has Mastitis?

48. Mastitis

49. Menstrual Cycle Occurs every 28 days Divided into 4 stages
Follicle Stage- FSH from pituitary-> ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature-> releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days
Ovulation Stage- pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day- follicle ruptures and mature ovum released

50. Menstrual Cycle cont…
Corpus Luteum Stage- corpus luteum secrets progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days
Menstruation Stage- If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves-> progesterone and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days

51. Menopause Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
Can be induced early by removal of ovaries-oophorectomy
Approximately age 50
Symptoms include:
Hot flashes
Dizziness and headaches
Emotional changes

52. Question
Menopause normally occurs between the ages of forty-five to fifty-five, but can be induced prematurely by which procedure?   
A.  Hysterectomy 
B.  Mastectomy 
C.  Oophorectomy 
D.  Tubal ligation

53. Question
During this phase of the menstrual cycle LH, estrogen and FSH hormones circulate within a female’s body. This phase in the menstrual cycle is:   
A.  follicular. 
B.  ovulation. 
C.  luteal. 
D.  menstrual

54. Answer
ovulation

55. Question
During a course of antibiotics for a urinary tract infection, the patient began to experience vaginal itching, burning, and leukorrhea. The patient exhibited signs of a:   
A.  fibroid tumor. 
B.  pregnancy. 
C.  salpingitis. 
D.  yeast infection.

56. Conception and Pregnancy
Germ cells (Gametes)- produced by gonads
Female gonad=ovary
Female gamete=ova
Male gonad=testes
Male gamete=sperm
Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes- XX
Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes- XY

57. Question
Which structure of the female reproductive system serves as the narrow opening of the uterus that extends into the vagina?
A.  Cervix 
B.  Fundus 
C.  Labia 
D.  Vulva

58. Answer
cervix

59. Question
Which structure of the female reproductive system is composed of fat deposits that surround the entrance to the vagina? 
A.  Cervix 
B.  Clitoris 
C.  Labia majora 
D.  Perineum 

60. Answer
Labia Majora

61. Question
Which structure of the female reproductive system contains the ova?

62. Question
Which function of the female reproductive system is demonstrated with menarche? 
A.  Menopause 
B.  Menstruation 
C.  Ovulation 
D.  Pregnancy

63. Question
Her symptoms include abdominal tenderness, hypotension, respiratory distress, and renal failure. Which female reproductive disorder is she experiencing? 
A.  Metorrhagia 
B.  Polycystic ovarian syndrome 
C.  Premenstrual syndrome 
D.  Toxic shock syndrome

64. Question
Which female reproductive disorder is characterized by abdominal pain, and excessive menstrual bleeding that can lead to permanent damage of the reproductive organs and sterility?
A.  Amenorrhea 
B.  Endometriosis 
C.  Salpingitis 
D.  Vaginitis 

65. Question
She knows that fertilization normally takes place in the oviduct. Which structure functions in this manner?
A.  Cervix 
B.  Fallopian tubes 
C.  Ovary 
D.  Uterus 

66. Question
Women that are sexually active should have an annual exam and screening for the early detection of cervical cancer. This screening is a:
A.  colposcopy. 
B.  laparoscopy. 
C.  Pap smear. 
D.  pelvimetry.

67. Fertilization
During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live for a day or two
Approx. 100 million sperm in 1cc of semen- if count less than 20 million, man is sterile
Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum
True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell- Zygote

68. Fertilization cont.. The zygote has 46 chromosomes
It divides, and those cells divide and so on
Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus
At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo
At 3 months, it becomes a fetus

69. Fertilization Cont. Pregnancy= prenatal period or gestation
Normal Pregnancy= 40 weeks or 280 days also divided into three trimesters (9 months)
Quickening= first recognizable movement of fetus between 4 and 5 months
Miscarriage= Spontaneous Abortion

70. Question
The two synthetic hormones that are used in oral contraceptive are:   
A.  estrogen and progesterone. 
B.  FSH and LH. 
C.  insulin and glucagon. 
D.  testosterone and androgen.

71. Question
What term describes the discharge of an unfertilized ovum and degenerated endometrium from the female reproductive tract?   
A.  Dysmenorrhea 
B.  Leukorrhea 
C.  Menorrhagia 
D.  Menstruation

72. Disorders Male Epididymitis Erectile dysfunction Prostate disorders
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer

73. Male Reproductive Disorders
BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY)
·Enlarged prostate
·More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms
·Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra.
·This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequency – Sx dysuria & retention
·Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy
·Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx

74. Disorders Female Cervical cancer 3. Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Toxic shock syndrome
Yeast infections
Menstrual cycle disorders
Amenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Menorrhagia
Premenstrual syndrome
Breast disorders
Breast cancer
Mastitis

75. Female Reproductive Disorders
CERVICAL CANCER
·  Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study
·  Should be done annually
·  Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
· Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus
· Symps – fever, rash, hypotension
· Cause – use of tampons
· Rx – antibiotics

76. STDs and STIs
Gonorrhea- the STI that presents with painful urination and a yellow discharge in males and may have no symptoms in females

77. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
GENITAL HERPES
·Viral
·Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia
·Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual
·Females – may need a c-section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth

78. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia
Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatous organism
Most common curable STD in US
Up to 80% of women and 25% of men have no symptoms
Rx- antibiotics

79. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Warts
Human papillomavirus
Wart is usually symptomatic, often not visible to the naked eye
May look like small, hard, round spots resembling cauliflower
Diagnosis by examination
Rx- acid or cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen)