11. InterpretationAuthor(s)Deterministic? Wavefunction real? Unique history? Hidden variables? Collapsing wavefunctions? Observer role? Local? Counterfactual definiteness? Universal wavefunction exists? Ensemble interpretation Max Born, 1926AgnosticNoYesAgnosticNo Copenhagen interpretation Niels Bohr,Werner Heisenberg, 1927 NoNo 1 1 YesNoYes 2 2 CausalNo [citation needed]citation needed No de Broglie–Bohm theory Louis de Broglie, 1927, David Bohm, 1952 YesYes 3 3 Yes 4 4 YesNo No 17 17 Yes von Neumann interpretation John von Neumann, 1932,John Archibald Wheeler, Eugene Wigner NoYes NoYesCausalNo Yes Quantum logic Garrett Birkhoff, 1936 Agnostic Yes 5 5 No Interpretational 6 6 AgnosticNo Many-worlds interpretation Hugh Everett, 1957Yes No YesNoYes Popper's interpretation [62] [62] Karl Popper, 1957 [63] [63] NoYes No (Yes) 13 13 YesNo Time-symmetric theories Satosi Watanabe, 1955 Yes No YesNoYes Stochastic mechanics Edward Nelson, 1966 No YesYes 16 16 No Only for position 16 16 No Many-minds interpretation H. Dieter Zeh, 1970Yes No Interpretational 7 7 YesNoYes Consistent histories Robert B. Griffiths, 1984 Agnostic 8 8 Agnostic 8 8 No Interpretational 6 6 YesNo Objective collapse theories Ghirardi–Rimini– Weber, 1986, Penrose interpretation, 1989 NoYes NoYesNo Transactional interpretation John G. Cramer, 1986 NoYes NoYes 9 9 NoNo 14 14 YesNo Relational interpretation Carlo Rovelli, 1994AgnosticNoAgnostic 10 10 NoYes 11 11 Intrinsic 12 12 YesNo Hydrodynamic Interpretation Erwin Madelung, 1927 Yes No Yes