1. Spontaneous and artefitial abortion
Robin Malina
Jozef Záhumenský

2. HUMAN REPRODUCTION TODAY
Succes of human reproduction is the cause of overpopulation
This is the greatest hazard to the health and the environmental and economical future of humankind
One of the momentous social problems worldwide is the high and increasing number of unwanted pregnancies among teenage girls
From another vantage point, the problem of human reproduction that haunts many women and men (and their physicians) is relative infertility, which may affect 20percent of couples
Pregnancy failure caused by embryonic or fetal wastage can occur at every possible step of human reproduction

3. HUMAN REPRODUCTION TODAY
the reproductive variables that ordinarily would lead to some sort of reproductive equilibrium include
Age of puberty
Frequency of embryonal or fetal death
Neonatal mortality
The duration of lactation amenorhea
in humans, these constraints have been modified, even if unwittingly, such that the natural history of reproduction in our species has been diverted by social overlay

4. Reproduction in primitive societies
the reproductive success of the primitive nomadic hunter-gatherer !Kung tribe was is contrasted to their relatives who have become farmers
the nomadic branch of the tribe has fewer infants per woman when compared with the farmers
This likely is due to later childbearing in the nomads because of lean body mass, which is associated with delayed menarche
Their prolonged lactation, dictated by their mobility, prohibits quick return to ovulation
the farmer tribe women can limit lactation because of increased availability of soft food and animal milk for their infants

5. Reproduction in modern women
change in body composition and mass favors earlier menarche and ovulation
Artificial feeding of the newborn, resulting in decreased duration of lactation with associated anovulation and amenorrhea after childbirth
More frequent and longer infant survival

6. Reproduction in modern women
Because women in the United States today, on average, choose to have two pregnancies and to breast feed for only a few weeks, no more than 20 ovarian (menstrual) cycles are eliminated by pregnancy and the anovulation/amenorrhea of lactation. In the absence of pharmacological or surgical intervention, therefore, modern women experience nearly 500 ovulatory cycles, each of which is accompanied by massive progesterone secretion/withdrawal intervals and attendant menstruation, because of their intellectual capacity to choose infertility

7. Normal duration of pregnancy
The mean duration of pregnancy calculated from the first day of the last normal menstrual period is very close to 280 days, or 40 weeks
It is customary to estimate the expected date of delivery by adding 7 days to the date of the first day of the last normal menstrual period and counting back 3 months (Naegele rule)

8. Abortion
The definition of abortion is the termination of pregnancy by any means before the fetus is sufficiently developed to survive. In the EU this definition is confined to the termination of pregnancy before 22 weeks based upon the date of the first day of the last normal menses. Another commonly used definition is the delivery of a fetus-neonate that weighs less than 500 g.
SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
When abortion occurs without medical or mechanical means to empty the uterus, it is referred to as spontaneous. Another widely used term is miscarriage.

9. Pathology Hemorrhage into the decidua basalis
necrotic changes in the fetal tissues
The retained fetus may undergo maceration
Internal organs degenerate and undergo necrosis

10. Etiology 80% of abortion occur in the I. trimester
Leading causes are chromosomal anomalies
60 percent has chromosomal abnormalities
The risk of spontaneous abortion increases with with maternal and paternal age
approximately one fourth of chromosomal abnormalities were due to maternal gametogenesis errors and 5 percent to paternal errors. In a study of fetuses and newborns with trisomy 13, Robinson and colleagues (1996) reported that in 21 of 23 cases, the extra chromosome was of maternal origin
The most common morphological finding in early spontaneous abortions is an abnormality of development of the zygote, embryo, early fetus, or at times the placenta

11. Etiology of euploid abortions
Infections
Toxoplasmosis
Herpes simplex
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Cytomegalovirus
Syphilis (causes late abortions in II. trimester)
Listeria monocytogenes and chlamydia trachomatis causes no abortions

12. Etiology of euploid abortions
Chronic maternal illnes
Severe tuberculosis
Disseminated cancer
Serious hypertension
Hypothyreoidism
IDDM with bad compensation

13. Etiology of euploid abortions
DRUG USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
Tobacco – 14 and more cigarettes daily increases twofold the risk of abortion
Alcohol - the abortion rate is doubled in women drinking twice weekly and trebled in women who consumed alcohol daily compared with nondrinkers
Caffeine - coffee consumption at greater than four cups per day appears to slightly increase the risk of abortion

14. Etiology of euploid abortions
DRUG USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
there is evidence that arsenic, lead, formaldehyde, benzene, and ethylene oxide may cause abortion
Video display terminals and exposure to the accompanying electromagnetic fields do not increase the risk of abortion (computers, xerox copier, TVs…)

15. Etiology of euploid abortions
Immunological factors
Autoimmune factors
Lupus anticoagulans
Anticardiolipin antibodies
Alloimmune factors
Maternal and paternal HLA comparison

16. Etiology of euploid abortions
Inherited factors
Inherited trombophilias
Developmental uterine dephects
Uterus septus

18. Categories of spontaneous abortions
THREATENED ABORTION (abortus imminens)
The clinical diagnosis of threatened abortion is presumed when any bloody vaginal discharge or bleeding appears during the first half of pregnancy.
It is an extremely commonplace occurrence, and one out of four or five women has vaginal spotting or heavier bleeding during early gestation.
Of those women who bleed in early pregnancy, approximately half will abort.

19. Categories of spontaneous abortions
INEVITABLE ABORTION (abortus in cursu)
Inevitability of abortion is signaled by gross rupture of the membranes in the presence of cervical dilatation. Under these conditions, abortion is almost certain
INCOMPLETE ABORTION (abortus incompletus)
When the placenta, in whole or in part, is retained in the uterus, bleeding ensues sooner or later, to produce the main sign of incomplete abortion.

20. Categories of spontaneous abortions
MISSED ABORTION
This is defined as retention of dead products of conception in utero
RECURRENT ABORTION (abortus habitualis)
three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions
SEPTICAL ABORTION
Misscariage complicated with inflamation and signs of general infection

21. Artefitial (induced) abortion
Induced abortion is the medical or surgical termination of pregnancy before the time of fetal viability
About 88 percent of abortions were performed before 13 weeks, 55 percent before 8 weeks, and 16 percent at 6 weeks or less.

22. Legal aspects – Czech republic
Before end of the 12 weeks of pregnancy – social indication (maternal choice)
Before end of the 24 weeks of pregnancy – medical indication – fetal or maternal disease with parental agreement
CAVE – fetus over 500 g – BIRTH not ABORTION
Everytime – Maternal indication – live threating conditions

23. Indications
When continuation of pregnancy may threaten the life of the woman or seriously impair her health
When pregnancy has resulted from rape or incest
When continuation of pregnancy is likely to result in the birth of a child with severe physical deformities or mental retardation

24. ELECTIVE (VOLUNTARY) ABORTION
Elective or voluntary abortion is the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman but not for reasons of impaired maternal health or fetal disease. Most abortions done today fall into this category.
The number of the interruption in Czech republic is continually decreased

25. Abortion techniques Surgical procedures Medical procedures
Dilatation of internal oss and vacuumexpiration or currettage
Medical procedures
Prostaglandins
Antiprogestins
Metothrexate

26. Counseling before Elective Abortion
Three choices available to a woman considering an abortion
include continued pregnancy with its risks and parental responsibilities;
continued pregnancy with its risks and responsibilities of arranged adoption;
or the choice of abortion with its risks.
Knowledgeable and compassionate counselors should objectively describe and provide information about these choices so that a woman or couple can make an informed decision.

27. Techniques for Early Abortion
Abortion can be performed either
medically or surgically as shown in Table 6-6.

28. Surgical Steps Anesthesia and Patient Positioning.
In the absence of maternal systemic disease, abortion procedures do not require
hospitalization.
Anesthesia or analgesia used may vary and includes general anesthesia, paracervical block plus intravenous sedation, or intravenous sedation alone.
The patient is placed in dorsal lithotomy position, and the vulva and vagina are surgically prepped.
Uterine Sounding
A Simpson uterine sound is placed through the os and into the uterine cavity to measure the depth and inclination of the uterine cavity prior to dilatation (Fig ).

30. Cervical Dilatation.
A Graves speculum is placed in the vagina to allow access to the cervix.
In cases of incomplete or inevitable abortion, the cervical os already will be dilated. Alternatively, metal Pratt, Hegar, or Hank dilators (Fig ) of sequentially increasing diameter are placed through the external and internal os to gently dilate the cervix. The uterus is especially vulnerable to perforation during this step. For this reason, the metal dilator should be grasped as one would a
pencil. The heel of the hand and fourth and fifth fingers rest on the perineum and buttock. Gentle pressure from only the
thumb and first two fingers is used to push the dilator through the cervical os (Fig ).

31. Uterine Evacuation.
The cannula is inserted through the open cervix and into the endometrial cavity.
The suction unit is turned on, and uterine contents are removed. The suction cannula is moved toward the fundus and then back toward the os and is turned circumferentially to cover the entire surface of the uterine cavity.
Tissue is collected in a container at the distal end of the tubing and is sent for pathologic evaluation to exclude hydatidiform mole. Occasionally, the Karman cannula may become obstructed with excess tissue. The suction unit is turned off prior to cannula removal. Once the cannula opening is cleared of obstructing tissue, it may be reinserted, and curettage completed.

32. Sharp Curettage.
Although no more tissue is aspirated, a gentle curettage should follow to remove any remaining placental or fetal fragments

33. Postoperative
Recovery from suction D&C is typically fast and without complication. Patients may resume normal activities as they desire, but abstinence from intercourse usually is encouraged during the first 2-3 weeks following surgery.
Ovulation may resume as early as 2 weeks after an early pregnancy ends.
Therefore, if contraception is desired, methods should be
initiated soon after abortion.