1. Chapter 19 Human Geography of Africa From Human Beginnings to New Nations
Objective: Compare the features of human geography in the five sub-regions of Africa

2. Chapter 19 Section 1 East Africa
Vocabulary: Olduvai Gorge, Aksum, Berlin Conference, Cash Crop, Masai, & Pandemic
Objective: Analyze East Africa’s economies of farming & tourism

3. Continental Crossroads
East Africa has a large number of prehistoric human remains
Aksum emerged in Ethiopia in 100 A.D.
The Aksum civilization traded with Egypt & the Roman Empire
Several factors led to their decline including geographic factors
In the 1300s, many trading cities emerged along the eastern coast of Africa

4. Colonization Disrupts Africa
14 European nations convened at the Berlin Conference to divide Africa
By 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia remained free of European control
European nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived
Ethiopia was able to escape colonization because of their knowledge of the area’s geography & weapons from France & Russia
Internal disputes & civil wars sparked after most of East Africa regained independence

5. Farming & Tourism Economies
East Africa is more than 70% rural
European colonization relied more on cash crops such as coffee, tea, & sugar
People are leaving farms for greater economic opportunities in cities
The vast wildlife parks in East Africa draw tourist to the region
The parks are located in Kenya, Uganda, & Tanzania

6. Maintaining Traditional Cultures
The two major ethnic groups in East Africa are the Masai & the Kikuyu
The Masai mostly herd livestock & farm the land
They wear calfskin or buffalo hide
They are known for making intricate beadwork & jewelry
The Kikuyu mostly live in Kenya
They also are herders but work in a variety of jobs more recently

7. Health Care in Modern Africa
People in East Africa face many health care problems
AIDS has become a pandemic (uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area)
Many doctors in Africa say that more AIDS cases exist than are reported

8. Chapter 19 Section 2 North Africa
Vocabulary: Carthage, Islam, & Rai
Objective: Examine roots of civilization in North Africa

9. Roots of Civilization in North Africa
North Africa is a cultural hearth (a place where ideas & innovations come together to change a region)
The Nile River made civilization possible in Egypt
Ancient Egypt lasted for 2600 years with 30 dynasties
Egyptians were known for their pyramids (resting place for Pharaohs’ remains), math, & medicine
Islam spread into North Africa from Southwest Asia
Islam remains the major cultural & religious influence in North Africa
By 790, Muslims controlled most of North Africa

10. Economics of Oil
Oil has transformed the economies of some North African countries
Oil makes up 99% of Libya’s exports
Libya & Algeria supply the European Union with much of its oil & gas
Lack of training & education prevent citizens from working in oil companies

11. A Culture of Markets & Music
North African culture is a combination of Arabic traditions & traditional African ethnic groups
Souks (marketplaces) are common features in North Africa
Markets are known for their bargaining for the lowest price
Algeria is known for rai, music developed that is fast paced & has elements of Western music
It is not used as a form of rebellion against Islamic fundamentalists

12. Changing Roles of Women
North African households tend to be centered around males
In the past women have had very little rights
However, women roles are changing as they are gaining more power
Women in North Africa have also made gains outside the home by seeking professional jobs & going into the government

13. Chapter 19 Section 3 West Africa
Vocabulary: Goree Island, Stateless Society, & Ashanti
Objective: Analyze West African economies

14. A History of Rich Trading Empires
West Africa is a cultural hearth that ideas & practices spread to North Africa & Europe
Empires in West Africa traded gold & salt
Ghana, Mali, & Songhai were powerful empires in West Africa
A stateless society is one in which people rely on family lineages to govern themselves
Igbo of southwest Nigeria are considered a stateless society
Stateless societies faced challenges with European colonization

15. West Africa Struggles Economically
Trade is extremely important to West Africa
The economies of West Africa range to a solid economies to weak economies
Ghana relies primarily on exporting gold, diamonds, magnesium, & bauxite to the industrialized world
Political stability in Ghana has allowed its economy to grow at a healthy rate
In Sierra Leona, political instability & civil wars have left their economy in shambles

16. Cultural Symbols of West Africa
The Ashanti who live in Ghana are known for their work in weaving colorful cloth
West Africa is also known for their masks & carving wooden stools
Benin artists in Nigeria make beautiful objects of metal & terra cotta
They are also known for their brass works of art

17. Music in Daily Life
West African popular music involved a blend of traditional African music with American forms of jazz, blues, & reggae
West African music is played on a variety of drums & other instruments

18. Chapter 19 Section 4 Central Africa
Vocabulary: Bantu Migration, King Leopold II, Mobutu Sese Seko, & Fang Sculpture
Objective: Describe how colonialism led to economic problems in Central Africa

19. Bantu Migrations
Europeans first began their African colonization in Central Africa
Bantu are a group of peoples & cultures who speak the Bantu language
Bantu migration is when the Bantu speaking people moved southward throughout Africa
European traders traveled to Africa & waited on the coast
African merchants brought potential slaves to Europeans from Central Africa
African rulers took part in the slave trade to gain land, guns, & other goods

20. Colonial Exploitation
In the 1800s, Central Africa had hundreds of different ethnic groups whom all spoke different languages
It also consisted of large empires to small villages
King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the Congo using the Congo River
The borders imposed on Africans during colonialism didn’t consider ethnic regions & grouped traditional enemies together
After they gained independence, inexperienced leaders were often corrupt & abused their power

21. The Economic Legacy of Colonialism
Central Africa’s economy is still recovering from colonialism with a loss of resources, disruptions of the political systems, & cultural/ethnic oppression of its people
The Europeans left little money to develop roads, railroads, airports, or productive education systems
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has struggled with economic chaos
Mobutu Sese Seko put businesses under national control but the country is still in a downward spiral

22. The Influence of Central African Art
Many countries wanted to establish their own identities, so they banned Western influences in their art
Their art focuses on issues of political instability, urban life, social justice, & crime
Fang sculptures are famous for their carvings

23. Improving Education
Improved education should produce more skilled workers & citizens who are better prepared to participate in democratic governments
Education problems in Central Africa include a shortage of trained teachers, a high dropout rate, & a shortage of secondary schools
Countries are trying to improve education by opening universities & offering training courses in different fields

24. Chapter 19 Section 5 Southern Africa
Vocabulary: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa Empire, Apartheid, & Nelson Mandela
Objective: Examine Southern African economic development

25. Gold Trade Builds Empires
A majority of the people in Southern Africa are Bantu- speaking people
The Shona established a city called Great Zimbabwe (thriving gold- trading area), eventually the city was abandoned
Mutota established the Mutapa Empire but it declined with the arrival of the Europeans
The British defeated the Zulu (the largest ethnic group in South Africa)
The British defeated the Dutch Farmers (Boers) in the Boer War for more control of South Africa

26. Gold Trade Builds Empires
The white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of apartheid (complete separation of the races)
Blacks founded the African National Congress to fight for their rights
Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid & was imprisoned
The United States pressured South Africa to end apartheid
In 1994, Mandela was elected president

27. Southern Africa Grows Economically
The policy of apartheid hurt the economy of South Africa
Some places are modernized while others are poverty- stricken rural areas in South Africa
Botswana experienced long-term of economic growth
63% of Botswana’s revenue come from diamonds
However, the country had to import 50% of their food
25% of all adults were infected with HIV in Zimbabwe & Botswana

28. Celebrations of Southern Africa & Living in Southern Africa
Southern Africa culture is a mixture of African & European Cultures
Celebrations & festivals are a large part of life in Southern Africa
Southern Africa enjoy performing different types of dances
Johannesburg is a huge city with many different ethnicities & lifestyles
However, it is still divided between suburbs & rundown townships
Some Southern Africans live a modern lifestyle while others follow traditional patterns