1. Enlightenment and the American Revolution
World History

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How does the Scientific Revolution challenge the THEOCRACIES and ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES of the 1700s?

3. The enlightenment The enlightenment
Philosophes Apply the Scientific Revolution to Society to solve problems: s
Weaken church and absolute powers
Apply “reason” to human nature
Focused on Individualism, Freedom, & Change
Combined LOGIC and REASON
The enlightenment
The enlightenment

4. Philosophes Apply the Scientific Revolution in: 1700-1800s
Question the government
Challenge absolutism and divine rule
Solve human problems
Use science and reason to…
Time of illumination
Time of illumination

5. Denis Diderot Salons Teach to think critically & question
Put together a collection of the writings of the major philosophes
ENCYCLOPEDIA

6. Why would an Encyclopedia be revolutionary during the Enlightenment?
Essential Question
Why would an Encyclopedia be revolutionary during the Enlightenment?

7. Philosophe, Thomas Hobbes
Humans are naturally selfish & fearless
Life in nature is nasty, brutish, & short
Need an absolute monarchy to keep the social contract, impose order, & manage corrupt behavior
Social contract = exchange of freedom for protect & security from the government

8. People are born with “unalienable rights”
Philosophe, john locke
People are born with “unalienable rights”
LIFE
LIBERTY
PROPERTY

9. Ideas of modern democracy
Philosophe, john locke
Rulers are NOT absolute in power and must remain bound to laws of reason and nature
Should protect people’s natural rights
Humans have free will
Idea of divine right and kings is NONSENSE!!!
Citizens have the right to overthrow the ruler if the ruler does not represent the people
Sovereignty
Ideas of modern democracy

10. Philosophe, Baron de Montesquieu
It’s NATURAL for rulers with ABSOLUTE POWER to use power in corrupt manner… therefore… we must…

11. Philosophe, Baron de Montesquieu
…spread power evenly over three branches of government – ensures freedom, liberty, no corruption… SEPARATION OF POWERS (Checks & Balances)
Legislative – Made laws (Congress)
Executive – Administered laws (Pres.)
Judicial – Interpreted and applied laws (Supreme & Federal Courts.)

12. Philosophe, jean jacques rousseau believed that people are…
corrupted by the environment
corrupted by bad government
corrupted by bad laws
born good

13. Philosophe, jean jacques rousseau
He believed the best government used POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY or a vote by all of the people
“General Will” OR Common Good
A Social Contract is necessary.
MAJORITY RULES
DEMOCRACY

14. Philosophe, Voltaire Used public opinion to fight injustice
“I do not agree with a word
you say, but I will fight to the
death for your right to say it.”
Believed the perfect government needed freedom of speech and of religion.

15. Assignment applying Enlightenment Thinkers
Create an Encyclopedia Cover, authored by Diderot using each last name as a piece of “word art” to symbolize each philosophe’s belief of human nature & government:
* Voltaire
*Hobbes
*Locke
*Montesquieu
*Rousseau
… Or Write a Poem titled: “Ode to Reason” reflecting the human nature & government expressions of:
* Diderot
*Voltaire
*Hobbes
*Locke
*Montisquieu
*Rousseau

16. Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1775-1783
The right to unalienable rights and the right to representation

17. Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1775-1783: Background
Opportunity in colonies=cheap, land, social advancements, new identity
British needed to pay for the French and Indian War (Britain v. France over power in North America and Caribbean) =taxed colonies

18. Causes of the American Revolution
“Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”
French and Indian War ( )
Drained Britain treasury
Passed and enforced new tax laws on the colonists

19. Causes of the American Revolution
“Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”
New tax laws on the colonists
“No taxation without representation”
OH NO!!! … You tell me 

20. Assignment Causes of the American Revolution
Mission:
Analyze the political cartoon “Causes of the American Revolution”
Identify the symbols that outline the causes of the war
Use your textbook (pages ) to create a detailed timeline explaining the causes of the American Revolution
Major Topics:
French and Indian War
Trade Laws 1764
Stamp Act 1765
Townshend Act 1767
Boston Massacre 1770
Boston Tea Party 1773
Intolerable Act 1774

21. Causes of the American Revolution:
French and Indian War
Taxes on Colonies
Stamp Act 1767: Stamps on newspapers, public documents, legal papers (help pay war debt)
Townsend Act 1767: Tax on glass, paints, tea
Boston Massacre 1770: Merchants in Boston called for a boycott of British goods=British sent troops to keep order=shots fired, kill 5 people=repealed most taxes except that on TEA

22. Causes of the American Revolution
1. Mercantilism
2. British treasury is drained during the French and Indian War
3. Trade Laws 1764
4. Stamp Act 1765
Causes of the American Revolution

23. Causes of the American Revolution
The Townshend Act 1767
Boston Massacre 1770
Boston Tea Party 1773
Intolerable Act 1774

24. Causes of the American Revolution:
3. Colonists React to British
*Public Assembly: led to Boston Massacre
*Civil Disobedience: Sons of Liberty (Samuel Adams & Paul Revere) protest by dumping tea into harbor=Boston Tea Party 1773
*Representation: 1st Continental Congress 1774 (Philadelphia), list of grievances
NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENATION

25. Causes of the American Revolution:
4. British Counters Opposition:
*Intolerable Acts -limited rights of colonists even more after Boston Tea Party (Boston port closed, British troops can’t be punished, British Governor in charge, no rights!)
*Lexington and Concord 1775=British troops leave Boston in search for hidden weapons, meet militiamen in Lexington and Concord
5. Declaration of Independence:
*2nd Continental Congress 1776: July 4, 1776
*Thomas Jefferson wrote using Locke and Rousseau and English Bill of Rights

26. Causes of the American Revolution: Review
French & Indian War: Britain Needs $  Blame Colonies for Cost SO….
TAX THE COLONIES ↓
Stamp Act & Townsend Act
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Act
REVOLT (build up weapons  Britain send more troops)
“Great upheavals in history occur when circumstances are ripe.”
Lexington and Concord 1775= Shots Heard Around the World:

27. Write a critical response using your current knowledge.
Critical Thinking
Why were the first shots of the American revolution considered the “Shots heard around the world?”
Write a critical response using your current knowledge.
THINK!!!!

28. Declaring Independence
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
2nd Continental Congress 1776: July 4, 1776
Thomas Jefferson wrote using Enlightenment thought
It’s a brave new world in America!
Out with monarchy and in with democracy!
Rights of individuals!
Government must answer to the people!

29. Declaration of Independence
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson
People had the right to “alter or abolish unjust governments.”
Popular sovereignty
All government power comes from the people
King had trampled the peoples’ natural rights.
Colonists now had the right to rebel

30. Application Activity:
As we have alluded to the Enlightenment ideas of democracy impacted the American revolution and the founding of our nation. It is now your job to make the proper connections.
Work with a partner near you.
Read the excerpts from the Declaration of Independence
Highlight, Define, Visualize, Clarify, Predict
Write the ideas in everyday words  make it simple to understand
Match the proper Enlightenment philosophe(s) with the idea(s) expressed in the excerpt

31. Articles of Confederation 1781
Created National Government with little power because they didn’t want to create a mini-me Britain
Could not tax
Could not navigate with foreign nations
It failed…SO
United States Constitution 1789

32. The Constitution – page 186-187
Used ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire
Created a Representative Democracy (REPUBLIC)
Government in which power is divided between the national (or federal government) and the states
Separation of powers (3 branches)
Citizens VOTE
Bill of Rights added later: Amendments 1-10
Federalist Papers – Writing campaign to convince American citizens to ratify the new Constitution
First President: George Washington.