1. 10-5 What is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity?
Concept We can help sustain biodiversity by identifying and protecting severely threatened areas (biodiversity hotspots), restoring damaged ecosystems (using restoration ecology), and sharing with other species much of the land we dominate (using reconciliation ecology).

2. This ecosystems approach employs a _______ point plan ecosystems
Most biologists and wildlife conservationists believe that we need to focus more on protecting ___________________ than on saving individual species
Best way to prevent premature extinction of species
This ecosystems approach employs a _______ point plan
ecosystems 4

3. We Can Use a Four-Point Strategy to Protect Ecosystems
________ global ecosystems and create an _________________ of their species and ecosystem services
Locate and protect most ___________________ ecosystems and species…with an emphasis on protecting _____________ biodiversity
______________ degraded ecosystems
Make development biodiversity-_______________
Provide tax _________ or write-offs and assistance to landowners who protect endangered ecosystems
Map
inventory
endangered
plant
Restore
friendly
breaks

4. Protecting Global Biodiversity Hot Spots Is an Urgent Priority
The earth’s species are not evenly distributed…
17 _____________________ countries contain 2/3 of all species
The leading megadiversity countries are…
_____________________________
megadiversity
Indonesia
Columbia
Mexico
Brazil
Ecuador

5. Protecting Global Biodiversity Hot Spots Is an Urgent Priority
Scientists are urging for the adoption of emergency action strategies to identify and protect biodiversity _________ ____________
Areas especially rich in ___________ species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction
Make up only _______ of earth’s surface, but 50% of flowering plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates
hot
spots
plant 2%

6. Endangered Natural Capital: 34 Biodiversity Hotspots
Figure 10.27: Endangered natural capital.
This map shows 34 biodiversity hotspots identified by ecologists as important and endangered centers of terrestrial biodiversity that contain a large number of species found nowhere else. Identifying and saving these critical habitats requires a vital emergency response (Concept 10-5). Compare these areas with those on the global map of the human ecological footprint, as shown in Figure 7, p. S38, in Supplement 8. According to the IUCN, the average proportion of biodiversity hotspot areas truly protected with funding and enforcement is only 5%. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Are any of these hotspots near where you live? Is there a smaller, localized hotspot in the area where you live? (Data from Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International)
Fig , p. 243

7. Endangered Natural Capital: Biodiversity Hotspots in the U.S.
Figure 27, Supplement 8

8. Protecting Ecosystem Services
Another way to help sustain the earth’s biodiversity is to protect areas where vital _______________ or _____________ services are being impaired to harm local ________________
ecological
natural
residents

9. Protecting Ecosystem Services Is Also an Urgent Priority
To protect ecosystem services, we will need to identify highly stressed areas…called _________ ___________ ecosystems
High poverty levels
Ecosystem services degraded
A large part of the economy may depend on ecosystem services
Foster cooperation among residents, government and scientists to protect people and biodiversity
life
raft

10. We Can Rehabilitate and Restore Ecosystems That We Have Damaged (1)
We can partially reverse much of the damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics and of natural ecosystems through ecological _________________
Examples…
Replanting forests
Restoring grasslands, coral reefs, and wetlands
Reintroducing native species
Removing nonnative species
restoration

11. Four Approaches to Ecological Restoration
Restoration: returning a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as ________________ as possible to its natural state
Rehabilitation: turning a degraded habitat into a _______________ or useful ecosystem
Replacement: replacing a degraded ecosystem with ________________ type of ecosystem
example: a degraded forest could become a pasture
Creating artificial ecosystems: creating an artificial
ecosystem to alleviate another ________________
example: creating artificial wetlands to reduce flooding
similar
functional
another
problem

12. Science-Based, Four-Point Strategy for Restoration
To carry out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation we need to..
Identify the _________ of the degradation
___________ the abuse
____________________ species, if possible
_______________ from further degradation
cause
Stop
Reintroduce
Protect

13. Science Focus: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica
Within Costa Rica’s _________________ National Park, a tropical dry forest was burned
Dr. Daniel _______________, a leader in restoration ecology used _____________ money and $ 10 million earned from _________________ to purchase the land
He is educating ______________ on how to restore and sustain the area…called __________________ restoration
Example: local farmers are paid to plant trees
Guanacaste
Janzen
grant
donations
locals
biocultural

14. Science Focus: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica
This area has also become a _______________ ground in tropical restoration
Dr. Janzen believes that education, _____________, and local ________________ will be more effective restoration practices than using guards and fences
training
awareness
involvement

15. We Can Share Areas We Dominate With Other Species
Since humans have already degraded so much of earth’s land, we may need to develop a new form of conservation biology….called ___________________ ecology
Focuses on ______________ and maintaining habitats for species diversity in places where people _______, work, and play
In other words, our communities need to find a way ___________ with other species
reconciliation
inventing
live
share

16. We Can Share Areas We Dominate With Other Species
Three examples of reconciliation ecology…
Wangari Maathai starting the Green Belt Movement with local women in ______________
Belize farmers have created habitat corridors and sanctuaries for black howler _____________
Attracts ecotourism
Neighborhoods reducing pesticide use to protect vital plant ________________ like butterflies and bees
Kenya
monkeys
pollinators

17. Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge—Reconciliation Ecology in Action
1970s: Blackfoot River Valley in Montana was threatened by…
poor mining, logging, and grazing practices
Water and air pollution
Unsustainable commercial and residential development
A River Runs Through It

18. Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge—Reconciliation Ecology in Action
Community meetings led to
Weed-pulling ________________
_______________ nesting structures for waterfowl
Developing more sustainable _____________ systems
parties
building
grazing

19. What Can You Do? Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity
Figure 10.28: Individuals matter.
These are some ways in which you can help to sustain terrestrial biodiversity. Questions: Which two of these actions do you think are the most important? Why? Which of these things do you already do?
Fig , p. 247

20. Review Question 1 What are biodiversity hotspots?
areas rich in species diversity (especially plants)
that are endangered

21. Review Question 2
Complete the steps needed for ecological restoration… Identify… Stop… Reintroduce… Protect…
the cause of degradation
the abuse
key species
from future degradation

22. Review Question 3 What is the focus of reconciliation ecology?
To invent new habitats and learn how
to “share” with other species