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LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
STANDARD(S): Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power in the twentieth century. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT Summarize Wilson’s Fourteen Points Describe the Treaty of Versailles and international and domestic reaction to it. Explain some of the consequences of the war.
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A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety
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Wilson Fights for Peace
Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace European leaders oppose most of Wilson’s peace plan, and the U.S. Senate fails to ratify the peace treaty. NEXT
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Wilson Fights for Peace
4 SECTION Wilson Fights for Peace Wilson Presents His Plan Fourteen Points Wilson’s plan for world peace known as Fourteen Points Points 1–5 propose measures to prevent another war 6–13 address how ethnic groups can form own nations or join others 14 calls for international organization or League of Nations League to enable nations to discuss, settle problems without war Continued . . . NEXT
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SECTION 4: WILSON FIGHTS FOR PEACE
Despite the hero’s welcome he received in Europe, Wilson’s plan for peace would be rejected by the Allies Wilson’s plan was called the “Fourteen points” Included in his “points” were: No secret treaties Freedom of the Seas More free trade Reduction of arms Less colonialism League of Nations to promote peace
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Guided Reading: What Were Wilson’s points? 1. Open Treaties
2. Freedom of the seas 3. Tariffs lowered or abolished to encourage free trade 4. Arms reduction 5. Consideration of the interest of colonial people
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The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan
4 SECTION continued Wilson Presents His Plan The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan Wilson fails to grasp anger of Allied leaders against Germany French premier Georges Clemenceau wants to prevent German invasion British Prime Minister David Lloyd George wants to “Make Germany Pay” Italian Vittorio Orlando wants Austrian-held territory Conference excludes Central Powers, Russia, small Allied nations Wilson gives up most of his points in return for League of Nations NEXT
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ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S PLAN, SIGN TREATY
The Big Four leaders, Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (England), and Orlando (Italy), worked out the Treaty’s details
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ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S PLAN, SIGN TREATY
Wilson conceded on most of his 14 points in return for the establishment of the League of Nations
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ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S PLAN, SIGN TREATY
On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and the leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles and signed the Treaty of Versailles
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Guided Reading: What Were Wilson’s points? (CONT)
Boundary changes and self determination of ethnic/national groups. 14. A League of Nations
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Chapter 11 Section 4 A – Why did the Allies reject Wilson’s plan?
Clemenceau was determined to prevent another German invasion of France Allied leaders were all angry at Germany
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Debating the Treaty of Versailles
4 SECTION Debating the Treaty of Versailles Provisions of the Treaty • Treaty of Versailles creates 9 new nations, British, French mandates • Places various conditions on Germany: - cannot have an army - Alsace-Lorraine returned to France - pay reparations, or war damages Continued . . . NEXT
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The Treaty of Versailles
The principal items are: Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France. Germany has to cede the coal mines in the Saar-area to France. Germany has to cede an area with Moresnet, Eupen, Malmédy and St. Vith to Belgium. Germany has to cede the main part of West-Prussia and almost the whole province of Posen to the new state of Poland. Germany has to cede all colonies: Togo en Cameroun, the territories in East- and South-West Africa, islands in the Pacific and possesions in China. All German properties in foreign countries are confiscated. Germany has to cede al war material to the allies. German compulsory military service is abolished, as well as the General Staff. Germany is not allowed to have tanks, airplanes, submarines, large warships and poison gas. During 15 years Germany is not allowed to station troops on the left border of the river Rhine and in a 50 km strip on the right border of the Rhine. The total size of the Germany army is not to exceed men. The German navy has a maximum of men. Germany is allowed a total of officers. Germany is not to take part in the League of Nations. Austria has to cede South-Tirol to Italy. Turkye has to cede all foreign possesions. England gets Iraq, Palestine and Trans-Jordan, France gets Syria and Libanon. Germany has to cede to the allies all seagoing ships with a carrying capacity exceeding 1600 Brt, plus half of all ships between 1000 and 1600 Brt. Furthermore one fourth of the fishing fleet and two fifths of the inland navigation fleet has to be ceded. Germany has to cede large amounts of machinery and building materials, trains and trucks. Germany has to deliver certain amounts of coal, chemicals, dye and fuel for many years. All German subocean telegraph cables are confiscated. Germany has to pay 20 billion goldmarks.
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TREATY OF VERSAILLES The Treaty established nine new nations including; Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia The Treaty broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire empires The Treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army, required them to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France, and forced them to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies The Big Four met at Versailles
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Guided Reading: 15. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany? Demilitarization: Return of territory (Alsace-Lorraine) to France $33 Billion in reparations War-Guilt clause
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B – How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany?
The treaty forced Germany to assume sole responsibility for the starting World War I; It forced Germany to pay huge war reparations and stripped it of its colonial possessions.
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The Treaty’s Weaknesses
4 SECTION continued Debating the Treaty of Versailles The Treaty’s Weaknesses • War-guilt clause—Germany must accept sole responsibility for war • Germany cannot pay $33 billion in reparations that Allies want • Russia loses more land than Germany; territorial claims ignored • Colonized people’s claims for self-determination ignored Continued . . . NEXT
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THE WEAKNESS OF THE TREATY
The harsh treatment of Germany prevented the Treaty from creating a lasting peace in Europe The Treaty humiliated the Germans by forcing them to admit sole responsibility for the war (War-Guilt Clause) Germans felt the Versailles Treaty was unfair
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THE WEAKNESS OF THE TREATY
Furthermore, Germany would never be able to pay $33 billion in reparations Germans felt the Versailles Treaty was unfair
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Guided Reading: 16. What where the weaknesses of the treaty?
Humiliated Germany Set reparations that Germany could not possibly pay Stripped Germany of the colonies it needed to pay reparations Ignored the claims of colonized peoples self determination Ignored the sacrifices and desires of Russia Set Germans against the treaty
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Opposition to the Treaty
4 SECTION continued Debating the Treaty of Versailles Opposition to the Treaty Strong opposition to treaty in U.S. Some, like Hoover, think treaty too harsh, fear economic effects Some feel treaty exchanged one group of colonial rulers for another Some ethnic groups not satisfied with new national borders Continued . . . NEXT
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DEBATE OVER TREATY AT HOME
In the United States, the Treaty was hotly debated especially the League of Nations Conservative senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge, were suspicious of the Leagues’ joint economic and military commitments Many wanted the U.S. Congress to maintain the right to declare war Ultimately, Congress rejected U.S. involvement in the very League the U.S. President had created The U.S. never did join the league
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Debate over the League of Nations
4 SECTION continued Debating the Treaty of Versailles Debate over the League of Nations Some think League threatens U.S. foreign policy of isolation Senators like Henry Cabot Lodge mistrust provision for joint action Continued . . . NEXT
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US SENATE & the TREATY The Treaty of Versailles is rejected by the U.S. Senate and America has to sign a separate treaty with Germany in 1920
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Guided Reading: 17. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
Suspicious of the provision for joint action against aggression; Wanted the treaty to declare the constitutional right of Congress to declare war.
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Wilson Refuses to Compromise
4 SECTION continued Debating the Treaty of Versailles Wilson Refuses to Compromise Wilson ignores Republicans in Senate when choosing U. S. delegation Goes on speaking tour to convince nation to support League - has stroke, is temporarily disabled November 1919, Lodge introduces amendments to treaty - amendments, treaty rejected Wilson refuses to compromise March 1920, 2nd vote: neither amendments nor treaty approved U.S., Germany sign separate treaty; U.S. never joins League NEXT
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Guided Reading: 18. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate’s rejection of the treaty? Wilson chose an American delegation that failed to include enough Republicans and Senators; Refused to compromise with Lodge
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The Legacy of the War Consequences of the War 4
SECTION The Legacy of the War Consequences of the War In U.S., war strengthens military, increases power of government Accelerates social change for African Americans, women Fears, antagonisms provoked by propaganda remain In Europe, destruction, loss of life damage social, political systems - Communist, fascist governments form Treaty of Versailles does not settle conflicts in Europe NEXT
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THE LEGACY OF WWI At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years Russia established the first Communist state during the war Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict WWI 22 million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20 million wounded.
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THE LEGACY OF WWI At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years
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THE LEGACY OF WWI Russia established the first Communist state during the war
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THE LEGACY OF WWI Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict
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Guided Reading: 19. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler? Political instability ad violence Resentment over Germany’s treatment by the allies
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C – Why were some people afraid of the treaty’s influence over American foreign policy?
It was feared that US membership in the League would force the US to shape its foreign policy in accord with the League.
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