1. Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

2. Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Differences between 2 Industrial Revolutions
First Industrial Revolution: textiles, railroads, iron, and coal
Second Industrial Revolution: steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

3. Steel replaced iron – useful in building lighter, smaller, and faster machines
Electricity became the new form of energy – it could be converted to heat, light, and motion
Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan: light bulb
Factories could remain open 24hours/day
Alexander Graham Bell: telephone in 1876
Guglielmo Marconi: radio waves across Atlantic in 1901

4. Development of internal-combustion engine provided a new source of power
Ocean liners, airplanes, and automobiles were a result
1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first flight in Kitty Hawk, NC
By 1919, the first regular passenger air service was established
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5. New Patterns Europeans could afford to buy more products
Increased wages
Lower prices of manufactured goods
Reduced transportation costs for goods
Europe was divided into 2 economic zones
Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, & northern Italy were advanced industrial countries
Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Russia were largely agricultural countries

6. Working Classes
To improve their working conditions, they formed political parties and socialist trade unions
Based on the thoughts and ideas of Karl Marx
Wrote The Communist Manifesto which called for a new social system that would be classless
One of his ideas of socialism would lead to communism

7. Most important socialist party was the German Social Democratic Party
Elected delegates to parliament to help improve conditions for the working class
Trade Unions
Trade or labor unions were also created to improve working conditions
Used strikes to raise wages, better working conditions, and gain the right of collective bargaining
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8. Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
New Urban Environment
More and more people lived in the cities
The size of cities grew, especially in industrialized countries
Ex: in London, the population grew from 960,000 to 6,500,000 between 1800 and 1900
Conditions in the city improved
City medical officers, building inspectors, new water and drainage systems

9. Social Structure
New Elite class: landed aristocrats, industrialists, bankers, merchants – they became the wealthy upper middle class
Middle class
Lawyers, doctors, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, etc… made up the middle middle class
The lower middle class consisted of small shopkeepers, traders, peasants

10. New white-collar class: salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, secretaries – they were not highly paid but they followed the middle class ideals – believed in hard work and were concerned with the right way of doing things
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11. Working Class: peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers, urban working class (skilled artisans and semi-skilled laborers), and the unskilled laborers

12. Women in Society
The 2nd Industrial Revolution offered new job opportunities for women
Industrial plants and retail shops needed clerks, typists, secretaries, and sales clerks
They found jobs in the fields of education, health, and social services
Women began having fewer children because of improved economic conditions and increased use of birth control.

13. Women’s Rights Women began fighting for equality
Early efforts were not very successful; however, they did gain access to universities and occupations dominated by men
Women entered the medical field by becoming nurses
Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class women

14. During the 1840s and 1850s, women also wanted the right to vote
This would not become a possibility in most areas until after World War I
Education
Between 1870 and 1914, most countries began establishing state-funded primary schools
Factories needed trained workers
Better-educated voters
This led to increased literacy which would lead to the rise of newspapers.

15. New forms of leisure
People now had shorter work days, weekends off, and some time off during the summer
Amusement parks and team sports became popular forms of entertainment
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16. Section 3: National State and Democracy
Western Europe
Great Britain: 2 party parliamentary system
Liberal Party and the Conservative Party
both were ruled by upper-middle class business people
Passed laws that expanded the right to vote (all males over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30)
Labour Party would emerge, dedicated to the interests of workers
Helped bring about benefits for workers during sickness and unemployment

17. France: Third Republic
Set up by a constitution
Had a president and a 2 house legislature
Failed to set up a successful parliamentary system
Italy
Lacked a sense of unity
Poverty-stricken south and industrialized north
Widespread corruption among government officials

18. Eastern Europe Germany: Imperial government with two-house legislature
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck disagreed with a democracy
Austria-Hungary: dual monarchy
Austria – constitutional legislature but the emperor, Francis Joseph, largely ignored it
Hungary – working parliament that was controlled by the landowners

19. Russia: absolute power of the tsar (czar)
Nicholas II wanted to maintain complete power
Increase in industrialization led to a revolution in 1905
Workers went to St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances
Troops opened fire on the peaceful demonstration
Called “Bloody Sunday” (January 22, 1905)
He created a legislative body called the Duma but eventually their power was shortened

20. North America United States 13th Amendment – abolished slavery
14th Amendment – gave African-Americans citizenship
15th Amendment – gave African-American males the right to vote
By 1900, the U.S. was the world’s richest nation
Expanded territory
Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands (annexed in 1898), Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

21. Canada
By 1870, consisted of four provinces: Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick
In 1871, Manitoba and British Columbia would be added
Unity was difficult because the French speaking and English speaking people didn’t trust each other
It wouldn’t be until 1896 that these two groups would reconcile
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22. Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness
Reason, science, and progress were still important ideals.
Universe was seen as a large machine, composed of solid material bodies called atoms.
Marie Curie discovered that radium gave off energy and that atoms were little “active worlds”
Albert Einstein provided a new theory of the universe – relativity: space and matter are not absolute but relative to the observer.

23. Sigmund Freud raised questions about the nature of the human mind.
He believed that human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces that the individual was unaware of. These hidden feelings influence behavior because they are a part of the unconscious. He developed psychoanalysis which allows the individual to probe into one’s memory to explain behaviors.

24. Anti-semitism is the hostility and discrimination of Jews
Anti-semitism is the hostility and discrimination of Jews. Since the Middle Ages they have been mistreated because they have been portrayed as the murderers of Christ.
In Russia, for example, they were forced to live in certain regions.
Organized massacres, pogroms, occurred throughout eastern Europe.

25. During the 2nd Industrial Revolution, writers and artists would rebel against the traditional styles.
The changes they called for resulted in an artistic movement known as modernism.
Painting
Impressionism: began when a group of artists rejected the traditional studios and worked outside.
Claude Monet sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and sky.
Other impressionist painters: Pierre Auguste Renoir and Berthe Morisot

27. Postimpressionism: interested in color and form over the naturalistic impressionism.
Vincent Van Gogh, a famous postimpressionist painter, believed that the artist should paint what he feels.

28. Cubism was started by Pablo Picasso, who used geometric shapes and designs to recreate reality in the viewer’s mind.

29. Architecture
Modernism in architecture gave rise to a principle called functionalism: idea that the buildings should be functional/useful and free from unnecessary ornamentation.
U.S. led the way in this idea with two architects: Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.