1. Major Themes: 1) The Uprisings of 1848 2) Liberalism vs. Conservatism within Revolutions 3) Impact of Wars 4) Shift in European Power Italian & German Unification

2. Europe in 1831

3. Essential Questions 1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro- Hungarian Empire:

4. Italy (1859-1860)

5. Antiquity: Roman Empire EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

6. Middle Ages: competing city-states EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

7. Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Ruled by three major nations

8. EQ 2: Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: EQ 3: Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification:

9. Rome Skyline

10. EQ 3. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Approach #1: Goal: centralized democratic republic universal male suffrage Remember Nationalism has roots within Liberalism Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini FAILED (too radical) Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politician

11. EQ 3: 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Approach #2: Goal: federation pres. = progressive pope Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti FAILED ( Pope Pius IX opposed) Gioberti, Catholic priest

12. EQ 3: 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Approach #3: Goal: union under leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont Advocate: ??? WINNER!!! Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849-1861)

13. 3. Key Events Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860: unification of N & S 1866: Venice added 1870: Rome added

14. EQ 2: The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872) The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…” The Idealist Patriot

15. EQ 2: The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861), A New Type of Nationalist Unification of Northern Italy  1850s: strengthen The Kingdom of Sardinia  1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy- Venetia from Austria! 1. ally w/ France 2. Get Austria into war 3. Franco-Sardinian victory! 4. France pulls support … separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only 5. Cavour resigns Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861

16. EQ 2: The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Unification of Northern Italy  1858-1859: Central Italy to the rescue – demand unification!  1860: 1. Cavour returns & France re-pledges support 2. N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

17. EQ 2: The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882) Unification of North & South Red Shirts  1860: 1. conquer Sicily 2. plan to invade Papal States  stopped by Cavour 3. Piedmont moves South to stop Garibaldi and in the process conquered more than united Italy. Military Leader

18. Government: Divisions between: parliamentary monarchy ( Victor Emmanuel ) limited suffrage “Transformismo” social classes (rich/poor) regions (N/S) The Romantic movement of Mazzini and Garibaldi vs. the Machiavellian one of Cavour EQ 3: What did the new, unified Italy look like?

19. Essential Question 2 Essential Question 3 EQ 2: Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: EQ 3: Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: Italian Unification

20. Germany (1871) EQ 4: What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? EQ 5: What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany?

21. Germany before Germany: Holy Roman Empire loose affiliation of ≈300 German states 800-1806 “First Reich”

22. Blame Napoleon: German Confederation loose affiliation of 39 German states 1815-1866 replaced HRE purpose: military defense ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.

23. Government EQ 5: What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? What to do with Austria? Two major debates within the German Confederation:  1 st “Grossdeutsche” – Liberal movement to unify Germany under Austria  2 nd “Kleindeutsche” – Smaller unified body that excluded Austria and was led by Prussia

24. Major Concept -- Zollverein German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy Prussia = leader included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

25. People: Frederick William IV King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861) 1848:  new liberal constitution  accepts Prussian-led German unification 1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany 1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans Judged insane in 1858

26. People: William I King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888) 1 st German Emperor (r. 1871-1888) First goal was to strengthen the Prussian military and he used O.V.B. to do that.

27. People: Otto von Bismarck “Realpolitik” 1 st German Chancellor (1871-1890) … “Iron Chancellor” Minister-President of Prussia (1862-1873) background: Prussian, Junker (Nobel), conservative led German unification

28. 4. Obstacles to German Unification A. Denmark B. Austria C. Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia

29. 1 st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution Driving forces: 1. Liberalism: make absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy 2. Nationalism: unite Germany Events: 1. Constituent Assembly (Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia 2. National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany Outcome: FAILURE!!!! 1. Fred Will IV makes conservative constitution for Prussia 2. Austria opposes unification

30. Locations that Matter: Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein:  mostly German  Holstein = member of German Confederation  ruled by Denmark 1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S- H However, this led to issues between Prussia and Austria

31. 1848 and 1864 Wars with Denmark Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusive How obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig War (1864) = Denmark defeated

32. Issue 2: Austria Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs  Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt  Austria refuses Zollverein membership  Austro-Prussian War (1866) How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War

33. Issue 3: Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia Two House Parliament – “Bundesrat” and “Reichstag” Liberals: Prussian parliament Conservatives: William I & Bismarck Events:  1862: parliament rejects William’s budget  1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister  1862-1866: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood & iron”)  1866: indemnity bill How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification

34. 2 nd Attempt at Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866) Cause:  Prussia wants to control northern German Confederation  war to drive Austria out of German affairs Outcome:  Prussian victory  Austria withdraws  ***creation of North German Confederation*** North German Confederation

35. Final Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870- 1871) Cause: The Ems Telegram  drive south German states to unify with the north  France = common enemy Outcome:  Prussian victory  ***German unification achieved***   German nationalism  harsh peace for France (Alsace and Lorraine annexed) German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)

36. What did the new, unified Germany look like? Liberalism on the Continent now had a strong nation at its head The Third Reich (1871 to 1918) 25 states parliamentary monarchy strong national government:  emperor (Kaiser)  chancellor  2-house parliament  Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)

37. German Essential Questions 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro- Hungarian Empire:

38. Europe in 1871

39. 1831 1871 Lasting Impacts of the Unification movements

40. Essential Questions 1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro- Hungarian Empire:

41. Exit Pass: 1) Answer one of the essential questions on the flash card: 2) Tell me the EQ you feel the weakest about and why: 1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire: