1. Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste CHEMISTRY World of

2. Chapter 10 Energy

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-3 Goals of Chapter 10 General properties of energy Temperature & Heat Direction of energy flow as heat How energy flow affects internal energy How to measure heat Heat (enthalpy) of chemical reactions Hess’s Law Changes in quality of energy as it’s used World’s energy resources Energy as driving force for natural processes

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-4 The importance of energy Huge abundance of fossil fuels Society with huge appetite for energy We have become dependent on oil Has led to tension between countries Supplies are dwindling, prices are rising Need to find alternatives to oil Use relationship between chemistry & energy to find these alternatives

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-5 Energy: the ability to do work or produce heat Potential Energy Energy due to position or composition Examples: water behind a dam, gasoline Kinetic Energy Energy of motion – depends on mass & velocity (KE = ½mv 2 ) Examples: car driving, thrown baseball

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-6 Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed Energy of the universe is constant Can convert from one form to another Example: roller coasters State function: property that is independent of pathway Example: Ball bearing in roller coaster; PE is same at top of first hill regardless of path to bottom

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-7 Temperature & Heat Temperature: measure of the random motions of the components of a substance (warm water molecules move faster than cold water molecules) Heat: flow of energy due to a temperature difference (heat will flow from warmer water to cooler water)

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-8 Figure 10.2: Equal masses of hot and cold water. Each side contains 1 kg of water

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-9 Figure 10.3: H 2 O molecules in hot and cold water. Water molecules move more rapidly in hot water

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-10 Figure 10.4: H 2 O molecules in same temperature water. Heat is transferred from the hot water to the cold water until both are the same temperature

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-11 Final temperature is the average of the two original temperatures Change in temp (hot) ΔT = 90°C – 50°C = 40°C Change in temp (cold) ΔT = 50°C – 10°C = 40°C

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-12 Exothermic vs. Endothermic System: part of universe on which we wish to focus Surroundings: everything else in universe except system Exothermic: evolution of heat, energy flows out of system Endothermic: absorbs energy from surroundings, heat flows into system

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-13 Which is it - Endothermic or Exothermic? 1.Your hand gets cold when you touch ice. (with respect to your hand) 2.The ice melts when you touch it 3.Ice cream melts 4.Propane burning in a propane torch 5.After swimming water drops evaporate from your skin 6.Two chemicals mixing in a beaker give off heat

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-14 What happens in an exothermic chemical reaction? Energy is conserved Reactants have potential energy Energy gained by surroundings must equal energy lost by the system In any exothermic reaction, some of the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds is converted to thermal energy via heat (random kinetic energy)

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-15 Figure 10.5: The energy changes accompanying the burning of a match. Reactants have > PE than products, difference is heat

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-16 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics – the study of energy First Law of Thermodynamics = Law of Conservation of Energy (energy of the universe is constant)

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-17 Internal Energy (E) Sum of kinetic and potential energies of all “particles” in a system Can be changed by flow of work, heat, or both ΔE = q + w; change in energy = heat + work Sign reflects systems point of view Endothermic – energy flows into system = +q (energy is increasing) Exothermic – energy flows out of system = -q (energy is decreasing) Same rules apply to work (w) +w = work flows into system (surroundings do work) -w = work flows out of system (system does work)

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-18 Measuring Energy Changes Calorie: amount of energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius Food “calorie” = kilocalorie = 1000 cal Joule: SI unit of energy 1 calorie = 4.184 J It takes 4.184 J of energy to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-19 How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 7.40 g of H 2 O from 29.0°C to 46.0°C? E = specific heat x mass x temp change E = (4.184 J/g°C)x(7.40 g)x(46°C – 29°C) E = 526 J

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-20 Thermochemistry (Enthalpy) H = Enthalpy: energy function that indicates how much energy is produced or absorbed in a reaction ΔH p = energy that flows as heat ΔH: the change in enthalpy p: indicates process has occurred under constant pressure The enthalpy change is the same as the heat of reaction See Example 10.5 & Self-Check 10.5 (pg. 302)

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-21 Figure 10.6: A coffee-cup calorimeter.  Calorimeter: device used to determine the heat associated with a chemical reaction  Run reaction – observe temperature change  Heat capacity of calorimeter enables us to calculate the heat energy released/absorbed by reaction  Determine ΔH for reaction & calculate ΔH for other reactions

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-22 Hess’s Law Enthalpy is a state function – it is independent of the pathway When going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or a series of steps See example on page 304

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-23 Two characteristics of ΔH for a reaction: If a reaction is reversed, the sign of ΔH is also reversed The magnitude of ΔH is directly proportional to the quantities of reactants and products in a reaction. If the coefficients in a balanced reaction are multiplied by an integer, the value of ΔH is also multiplied by that integer See examples on page 304 & 305

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-24 Figure 10.7: Energy sources used in the United States.

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-25 Figure 10.8: The earth’s atmosphere.

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-26 Figure 10.9: The atmospheric CO 2 concentration over the past 1000 years.

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-27 Energy as a Driving Force Two driving forces Energy spread: concentrated energy is dispersed widely Matter spread: molecules of a substance are spread out and occupy a larger volume

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-28 Entropy Designated by letter S Measure of disorder or randomness More disorder (or entropy) means: More energy spread More matter spread

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-29 Figure 10.10: Comparing the entropies of ice and steam.

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company10-30 Second Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of the universe is always increasing All processes lead to a net increase in the disorder of the universe We are plunging slowly toward total randomness – the heat death of the universe