1. Health Maintenance, Health Promotion, and Wellness
Chapter 32
Health Maintenance, Health Promotion, and Wellness

2. Health, Illness, and Wellness
Health is the process through which a person seeks to maintain an equilibrium that promotes stability and comfort.
Health is a dynamic process that varies according to a person’s perception of well-being.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

3. Health, Illness, and Wellness
Health refers to all aspects of a person’s life.
Physical status
Emotional well-being
Social relationships
Intellectual functioning
Spiritual condition
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

4. Health, Illness, and Wellness
Illness is the inability of an individual’s adaptive responses to maintain physical and emotional balance, which results in an impairment of functional abilities.
Wellness is the condition in which an individual functions at optimal levels.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

5. Models of Health
Health is the maintenance of harmony and balance among body, mind, and spirit.
Balance or homeostasis is an equilibrium among psychological, physiological, sociocultural, intellectual, and spiritual needs.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

6. Models of Health Clinical model Health-belief model
High-level wellness model
Social learning theory
Host-agent-environment model
Health promotion model
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

7. Cultural Influence on Health
Culture affects how an individual views health and illness.
One’s cultural background influences health-related behaviors and expectations of treatment when illness occurs.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

8. Family Influences on Health Care
Families help determine the following:
Whether or not to seek treatment.
What type of treatment is appropriate.
Who should provide the treatment or care.
Where the treatment or care should be provided.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

9. Family Influences on Health Care
Families are often the major caregivers for their relatives.
Extended families and communities have traditionally acted as a buffer against excessive stress and illness.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

10. Family Influences on Health Care
Lack of social support from family or significant others results in psychological and spiritual isolation, which may negatively impact a person’s physiological state.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

11. Illness Perspectives
Illness is the result of a disease or injury that affects functioning and occurs when there is an inability to meet one’s needs.
An acute illness is usually characterized by a rapid onset, intense manifestations, and a relatively short duration.
A chronic illness is usually characterized by a gradual, insidious onset with lifelong changes, usually irreversible.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

12. Wellness Perspectives
Wellness places health on a continuum, from one’s optimal level (wellness), to a maladaptive state (illness).
High-level wellness means functioning to one’s maximum health potential while remaining in balance with the environment.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

13. Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health
Behavior is defined as the observable response of an individual to external stimuli.
All behavior has meaning.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

14. Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health
Lifestyle
Locus of Control
Self-Efficacy
Health Care Attitudes
Self-Concept
Cognition
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

15. Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health
Age and Developmental Levels
Gender
Previous Experiences with the Health Care System
Environment
Economic Resources
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

16. Health Maintenance
Behavior directed toward maintaining a current level of health
Health maintenance activities are the activities/behaviors an individual performs to maintain or improve a current level of health.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

17. Health Maintenance Characteristics of Health Maintenance Perception
Motivation
Maintenance
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

18. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection)
Behavior motivated by the desire to shape a health lifestyle.
Process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve their health.
Includes avoidance of unhealthy behaviors.
Health promotion efforts intervene with healthy, rather than ill populations.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

19. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection)
Activities/behaviors that protect people from the ill effects of actual or potential health threats
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

20. Health Promotion on a Global Level
World Health Organization
Organizes international conferences and meetings and disseminates successful health promotion strategies, programs, and policies.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

21. Health Promotion on a Global Level
Fifth Global Conference on Health Promotion
Established Priorities for Health Promotion in the 21st Century
“Healthy Cities” Movement
A vehicle to stimulate local-level health promotion
Public, private, and nonprofit responsibility
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

22. Health Promotion in the United States
Healthy People Initiative
Promote healthy behaviors.
Promote healthy and safe communities.
Improve systems for personal and public health.
Prevent and reduce diseases and disorders.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

23. Assessment Risk Factor Identification in Health Maintenance
Physical, environmental, psychological behaviors that increase the vulnerability of an individual to disease or injury
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

24. Assessment Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Health Maintenance
Laboratory data includes cholesterol levels, blood glucose, urine studies.
Health maintenance behaviors may be measured with varieties of diagnostic tests and equipment.
Client education about what to do with results obtained from these tests is given.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

25. Nursing Diagnosis Ineffective Health Maintenance
Health-Seeking Behavior
Noncompliance
Deficient Knowledge
Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

26. Planning and Outcome Identification
In many ineffective health maintenance situations, desired outcomes of care are best accomplished in small increments.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

27. Implementation Health Promotion and Vulnerable Populations Children
The Elderly
Economically Disadvantaged
Homeless
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

28. Implementation The Individual as a Holistic Being
The client with health maintenance considerations is a holistic being.
Individuals function as complete units that cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

29. Implementation Needs and Health
The entire person (mind, body, and spirit) is influenced by satisfaction of needs.
Basic human needs are those that are necessary for every person’s survival.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

30. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

31. Needs and Health Physiological Dimension
Focuses on achievement of the basic needs of a client.
The nurse must assess for system alterations and then provide interventions to meet these needs.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

32. Physiological Dimension of Needs and Health
Physical Self-Examination Techniques
Health Maintenance in Nutrition- Management Behaviors
Health Maintenance and Alterations in Sleep Patterns
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

33. Psychological Dimension of Needs and Health
Treating the client as a unique individual.
Protecting confidentiality.
Using touch and personal space in a therapeutic manner.
Recognizing and respecting cultural differences.
Decreasing anxiety through stress management techniques.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

34. Sociocultural Dimension of Needs and Health
Empowerment is a process of enabling others to do for themselves.
Nurses empower clients by teaching them and their families how to develop skills for self-care and for healthier living.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

35. Intellectual Dimension of Needs and Health
Cognitive function and development can be impaired by multiple factors.
Infection
Exposure to toxins
Substance abuse
Trauma
Psychological problems
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

36. Spiritual Dimension of Needs and Health
Spirituality assists a person in determining the sense of meaning or purpose in one’s life.
Spirituality is multidimensional.
A sense of one’s self
A sense of connection with others
A relationship with a higher power or divine source
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

37. Sexual Dimension of Needs and Health
Sexuality refers to all aspects of being male or female, including feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior.
Sex roles are culturally determined patterns associated with being male and female.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

38. Evaluation
The client and nurse together measure how well the client has achieved the goals specified in the plan of care.
Factors that contribute to a goal achievement are identified.
Certain goals may need to be reevaluated.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.