1. RESCUE DIVER COURSE LESSON GUIDES
PADI Rescue Diver Course
RESCUE DIVER COURSE LESSON GUIDES
Knowledge Development Presentation Five
IX. Knowledge Development Presentation Five
At this point, from previous knowledge development sessions, student divers should have a rudimentary understanding of the first aid equipment and procedures for diver emergencies. This section builds upon this with the details related to the administration of emergency oxygen. A rescuer’s role may not end when the injured person reaches medical care. This section outlines procedures for recording and reporting what happened, and how to responsibly answer questions that may arise. This includes documenting what was done for the injured diver, and what information to send along with the injured diver upon the arrival of Emergency Medical Services. When rescuers reach the boat or shore with an unresponsive diver, they have to get themselves and the diver out of the water as quickly as possible and begin first aid without interrupting rescue breathing if in progress. Environmental conditions, the strength of the rescuer and the condition of the injured diver may all affect how to accomplish this. This section discusses several techniques and the circumstances in which to apply them.

2. Knowledge Development Five Overview
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Knowledge Development Five Overview
The Psychology of Rescue
Postaccident Reports
Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
Use of Emergency Oxygen
Accident Management
Managing the Scene Until Help Arrives
Responding to Diver Emergencies
Exiting with the Unresponsive Diver
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
Overview and Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, the student should be able to answer the questions in italics:
A. The Psychology of Rescue
Post-accident Reports
• When should you write up a report?
• What are eleven questions to answer, if you can, when making a report?
• What statement can you make regarding the incident that will allow you to avoid questions from the media?
• What should you avoid doing on a report or when answering questions?
B. Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
Use of Emergency Oxygen
• Why is administering emergency oxygen to a diver with suspected decompression illness crucial?
• What are six procedures to follow when handling oxygen?
• How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver and to a nonbreathing injured diver?
C. Accident Management
Managing the Scene Until Help Arrives
• After beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid as needed for a patient, what do you do for the diver while waiting for emergency care to arrive?
• What information should you collect to send with the injured diver upon the arrival of Emergency Medical Services?
D. Responding to Diver Emergencies
Exiting with the Unresponsive Diver
• What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver?
• How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver?

3. The Psychology of Rescue
PADI Rescue Diver Course
The Psychology of Rescue
Postaccident Reports
Postaccident Report
Making a Report
The Statement
What to Avoid in a Postaccident Report
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
A. The Psychology of Rescue
Post-accident Reports
• When should you write up a report?
• What are eleven questions to answer, if you can, when making a report?
• What statement can you make regarding the incident that will allow you to avoid questions from the media?
• What should you avoid doing on a report or when answering questions?

4. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Postaccident Report
When should you write up a report?
Following an accident that requires first aid and the summoning of emergency medical care.
When authorities ask for a report.
For litigation and investigation purposes.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
1. Postaccident Reports
When should you write up a report?
a. Following an accident that requires first aid and summoning emergency medical care or other emergency personnel, you may be asked by authorities to file an accident report.
b. By providing as much factual information as possible, an accident report can help investigators determine how to prevent or better respond to similar accidents in the future.
c. Be aware that accident reports are legal documents that could be used in litigation as well as an investigation.

5. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Making a Report
What are eleven questions to answer, if you can, when completing a report?
How did you become aware of the problem?
Where was the victim (depth, location, etc.)?
Was any of the victim’s equipment out of place or unusual (regulator out of mouth, etc.)?
How soon were you able to respond to the emergency?
What did you do when you responded to the emergency situation?
Were you able to identify the person you helped?
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
What are eleven questions to answer, if you can, when completing a report?
d. Answer the following questions when completing a report, if you have the information. However, do not guess or speculate. Only information that you personally witnessed and can attest to belongs in a report.
1. How did you become aware of the problem?
2. Where was the victim (depth, location, etc.)?
3. Was any of the victim’s equipment out of place or unusual (regulator out of mouth, etc.)?
4. How soon were you able to respond to the emergency?
5. What did you do when you responded to the emergency situation?
6. Were you able to identify the person you helped?

6. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Making a Report
What are eleven questions to answer, if you can, when completing a report? continued…
What did you personally see happen?
What first aid was administered?
Was emergency oxygen necessary? Was the individual responsive or unresponsive? Was the person breathing or not breathing?
Was EMS called? At what time? When did they respond? What action did you see EMS take?
Was the victim’s gear recovered? If so, and you personally checked it, how much air was in the cylinder and was the air delivery system functioning properly?
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
7. What did you personally see happen?
8. What first aid was administered?
9. Was emergency oxygen necessary? Was the individual responsive or unresponsive? Was the person breathing or not breathing?
10. Was EMS called? At what time? When did they respond? What action did you see EMS take?
11. Was the victim’s gear recovered? If so, and you personally checked it, how much air was in the cylinder and was the air delivery system functioning properly?

7. PADI Rescue Diver Course
The Statement
What statement can you make regarding the incident that will allow you to avoid questions from the media?
Refer media questions to the proper authorities.
Say something like: “Accident investigation is underway and I’m not in a position to answer questions. Please get a statement from the authorities when they have completed their investigation.”
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
What statement can you make regarding the incident that will allow you to avoid questions from the media?
e. Be prepared for media in any emergency involving divers or when an accident or incident has been reported to EMS personnel or the police.
1. Though reporters probably wish no ill will, they may have a tendency to sensationalize.
2. Do not speculate or give opinions to the media. These are often taken out of context and may also be used in legal circumstances. Well meant thoughts may seem insensitive and cause further hurt to the patient and the patient’s loved ones.
3. You seldom have all the facts and are generally in an emotionally stressed state following an accident, so the best response is to politely decline to answer questions to anyone other than police or other government authorities.
4. Refer media questions to the proper authorities. Say something like: “Accident investigation is underway and I’m not in a position to answer questions. Please get a statement from the authorities when they have completed their investigation.”

8. What to Avoid in a Postaccident Report
PADI Rescue Diver Course
What to Avoid in a Postaccident Report
What should you avoid doing on a report or when answering questions?
Avoid speculation and guesses.
Stick to the facts – what you personally witnessed.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
What should you avoid doing on a report or when answering questions?
f. When answering questions or making statements on a report, avoid speculation and guesses. Stick with facts – what you personally witnessed. If you didn’t witness what caused an accident, for example, don’t give your opinion about what caused it.

9. Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
Use of Emergency Oxygen
Administering Emergency Oxygen
Oxygen Handling Procedures
Administering Oxygen to a Breathing and Nonbreathing Diver
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
B. Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
Use of Emergency Oxygen
• Why is administering emergency oxygen to a diver with suspected decompression illness crucial?
• What are six procedures to follow when handling oxygen?
• How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver and to a nonbreathing injured diver?

10. Administering Emergency Oxygen
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Administering Emergency Oxygen
Why is administering emergency oxygen to a diver with suspected decompression illness crucial?
Administering oxygen for suspected decompression illness is the dive community standard of care.
Oxygen provides significant benefit in cases of decompression illness.
Medical case histories show that prompt oxygen first aid can improve the effectiveness of recompression treatment.
Improves the overall probability of complete recovery.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
B. Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
1. Use of Emergency Oxygen
Why is administering emergency oxygen to a diver with suspected decompression illness crucial?
a. Administering oxygen for suspected decompression illness is the dive community standard of care.
1. Experience with administering emergency oxygen shows that it provides significant benefit in many (but not all) cases of decompression illness.
2. Medical case histories show that prompt oxygen first aid can improve the effectiveness of recompression treatment and improves the overall probability of complete recovery.
3. However, not all types of decompression illness respond well to oxygen, and there are no guarantees. It’s important to provide oxygen in an emergency, but it’s not a magic potion that instantly cures divers.
4. Recall that you also give emergency oxygen to a near drowning patient.

11. Oxygen Handling Procedures
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Oxygen Handling Procedures
What are six procedures to follow when handling oxygen?
Keep your unit clean and protected in its box until needed.
Never attempt to lubricate or use scuba parts with your oxygen system.
Open valves on oxygen systems slowly; pressurize the system slowly.
Keep your system assembled.
Never attempt to clean or service the equipment yourself.
Always extinguish any source of flame before deploying oxygen.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
What are six procedures to follow when handling oxygen?
b. Although nonresuscitator demand valve oxygen equipment shares characteristics with scuba equipment, it has handling considerations that differ from your dive gear.
c. This is because pure oxygen can make normally nonflammable materials combustible or even explosive.
d. With proper handling, oxygen systems are safe to have around, provided you keep these points in mind:
1. Keep your unit clean and protected in its box until needed.
Particularly avoid putting the system in contact with greases, oils or even silicone grease.
2. Never attempt to lubricate oxygen equipment or use standard scuba parts in it. Pure oxygen requires that only special lubricants and materials come in contact with the system.
3. Always open valves on oxygen equipment slowly, so as to pressurize the unit slowly. Rapid pressurization creates heat, which can spark a fire if any flammable materials have contaminated the equipment.
4. Keep your unit assembled to minimize the possibility of contaminants getting into it, as well as to save time in an emergency. Wash your hands if possible before handling your equipment; in an emergency, at least try to wipe off any oils or grease (including suntan lotions and oils).
5. Never attempt to clean or service the equipment yourself. Oxygen servicing requires special cleaners and procedures. If your equipment gets wet or contaminated in any way, it needs professional servicing by someone specifically trained to work on medical oxygen systems. Have it serviced regularly as required by the manufacturer, just as you would scuba equipment.
6. Always extinguish any source of flame (such as cigarettes) before deploying oxygen. Use the equipment as far away as possible from engines, gasoline or anything combustible, preferably in a ventilated area.

12. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Administering Oxygen
How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver?
Give a breathing injured diver 100 percent oxygen supplied by a nonresuscitator demand valve unit.
Open the oxygen kit – it should already be set up.
Slowly open the valve and test unit by inhaling from the mask.
Secure the tank; the best place for it is cradled in its box.
Say to the injured diver, “This is oxygen. It will help you. May I give it to you?”
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver and to a nonbreathing injured diver?
e. Give a breathing injured diver 100 percent oxygen supplied by a nonresuscitator demand valve unit. Follow these steps:
1. Open the oxygen kit. The kit should be set up in advance according to manufacturer’s instructions.
2. Slowly turn open the valve and then test the unit by inhaling from the mask. Do not exhale into the mask.
3. Secure the tank and protect it from being knocked over or rolling loose. The best place for it is cradled in its box.
4. Say to the injured diver, “This is oxygen. It will help you. May I give it to you?”

13. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Administering Oxygen
How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver? continued…
Assuming agreement, place the mask on the diver’s face and instruct the person to breath normally.
If the diver is unresponsive and breathing, assume that the diver would want oxygen, and supply it.
Monitor the oxygen pressure gauge.
Don’t let the oxygen run empty with the mask still on the diver.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
5. Assuming agreement, place the mask on the diver’s face and instruct the person to breath normally. A responsive diver can hold the mask in place. This makes the patient feel more in control and frees you to do other things.
6. If the diver is unresponsive and breathing, assume that the diver would want oxygen, and supply it (called implied consent) with the nonresuscitator demand valve unit.
7. Monitor the oxygen pressure gauge. Don’t let the unit run empty with the mask still on the diver.

14. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Administering Oxygen
How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver? continued…
If the diver is breathing very weakly, use the continuous flow outlet and setting with a nonrebreather mask.
Open the kit and attach the tube from the nonrebreather mask to the continuous flow outlet on the regulator.
Slowly open the valve and set the continuous flow rate to 15 litres per minute.
Using a nonrebreather mask, hold your thumb over the inlet inside the mask and allow the reservoir bag to inflate.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
f. If the injured diver is breathing very weakly, use the continuous flow outlet and setting with a nonrebreather mask. Follow these steps:
1. Open the kit and attach the tube from the nonrebreather mask to the continuous flow outlet on the regulator (if this is not done in advance).
2. Slowly turn open the valve and set the continuous flow rate to 15 litres per minute.
3. Using a nonrebreather mask, hold your thumb over the inlet inside the mask and allow the reservoir bag to inflate

15. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Administering Oxygen
How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver? continued…
Say to the diver, “This is oxygen. It will help you. May I give it to you?”
Assuming agreement, place the mask on the diver’s face and instruct the person to breath normally. Assume implied consent with an unresponsive diver.
If reservoir bag collapses completely when the diver inhales, increase the flow rate to 25 litres per minute.
Monitor the oxygen pressure gauge.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
4. Say to the injured diver, “This is oxygen. It will help you. May I give it to you?”
5. Assuming agreement, place the mask on the diver’s face and instruct the person to breath normally. Use the head strap and be sure the mask fits snugly. You may assume implied consent with an unresponsive diver.
6. If the reservoir bag collapses completely when the diver inhales, increase the flow rate to 25 litres per minute.
7. Monitor the oxygen pressure gauge. Don’t let the unit run empty with the mask still on the diver.

16. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Administering Oxygen
How do you administer oxygen to a nonbreathing injured diver?
If you have an unresponsive nonbreathing diver, you’ll use a pocket mask with oxygen inlet valve and continuous flow oxygen.
Attach the oxygen tube from the continuous flow outlet to the pocket mask.
Slowly turn open the valve and set the flow rate at 15 litres per minute.
Give rescue breaths through the pocket mask as usual.
If the diver begins to breathe, switch to the demand or nonrebreather masks.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
g. If you have an unresponsive nonbreathing diver, you’ll use a pocket mask with oxygen inlet valve and continuous flow oxygen.
1. Have someone open the kit while you continue rescue breaths and attach the oxygen tube from the continuous flow outlet to the pocket mask (if not already done). Don’t let this interfere with rescue breathing or CPR procedures.
2. Slowly turn open the valve and set the flow rate at 15 litres per minute.
3. Give rescue breaths through the pocket mask as usual. Each rescue breath will carry in extra oxygen from the continuous flow.
4. If the diver begins to breathe, switch to the demand or nonrebreather masks as above.

17. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Accident Management
Managing the Scene Until Help Arrives
Waiting for Emergency Care
Collecting Information for Emergency Medical Services
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
C. Accident Management
Managing the Scene Until Help Arrives
• After beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid as needed for a patient, what do you do for the diver while waiting for emergency care to arrive?
• What information should you collect to send with the injured diver upon the arrival of Emergency Medical Services?

18. Waiting for Emergency Care
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Waiting for Emergency Care
After beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid as needed for a patient, what do you do for the patient while waiting for emergency care to arrive?
Maintain a vigilant watch over the primary ABCD’S.
An injured diver’s condition can change from breathing to nonbreathing and from responsive to unresponsive quickly.
Protect the diver from excess heat or cold.
Control bystanders to keep area free for emergency medical personnel.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
C. Accident Management
1. Managing the Scene Until Help Arrives
After beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid as needed for a patient, what do you do for the diver while waiting for emergency care to arrive?
a. In any diver emergency requiring first aid and summoning emergency medical care, maintain a vigilant watch over the primary ABCD’S.
1. An injured diver’s conditions can easily change from breathing to nonbreathing and from responsive to unresponsive.
2. Protect the diver from excess heat or cold.
3. Control bystanders to keep the area open and unconfused for emergency medical personnel.

19. Waiting for Emergency Care
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Waiting for Emergency Care
After beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid as needed for a patient, what do you do for the diver while waiting for emergency care to arrive? continued…
Maintain contact with your local diver emergency service.
Keep the diver as comfortable as possible, but lying down.
Provide oxygen until you get the diver to emergency care.
Do not attempt to recompress someone in the water.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
4. Pressure-related injuries usually require recompression in a hyperbaric chamber. Maintain contact with your local diver emergency service.
5. Keep the diver as comfortable as possible, but lying down.
6. Provide oxygen until you get the diver to emergency care.
• If you find yourself in a situation where you won’t have enough oxygen, give the highest concentration possible for as long as it lasts. This benefits the diver with a pressure-related injury more than trying to extend the oxygen by reducing the flow rate or switching it on and off.
• If the oxygen runs out, but there’s enriched air nitrox available at the site, a responsive diver can breathe it from a scuba regulator. This isn’t as beneficial as pure oxygen, but may offer more benefit than breathing air.
7. Remember, do not attempt to recompress someone in the water.

20. Collecting Information for Emergency Medical Services
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Collecting Information for Emergency Medical Services
What information should you collect to send with the injured diver upon the arrival of emergency medical services?
Diver’s name and contact information.
Significant medical history.
First aid procedures initiated.
Dive profile information.
Comments relative to emergency care received.
Contact information for local diver emergency system and name of doctor or personnel you’ve spoken with.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
What information should you collect to send with the injured diver upon the arrival of emergency medical services?
b. Information that should be collected and written down to be sent with the injured diver (use the PADI Accident Management Slate) includes:
1. Diver’s name and contact information
2. Significant medical history
3. First aid procedures initiated
4. Dive profile information
5. Comments relative to emergency care received
6. Contact information for local diver emergency system and name of doctor or personnel you’ve spoken with.

21. Responding to Diver Emergencies
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Responding to Diver Emergencies
Exiting with the Unresponsive Diver
Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
D. Responding to Diver Emergencies
Exiting with the Unresponsive Diver
• What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver?
• How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver?

22. Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver?
Saddleback carry:
The injured diver is stretched across the rescuer’s back.
Normally used as a shore exit.
Fireman's carry:
The injured diver is swung across the rescuer’s shoulders.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
D. Responding to Diver Emergencies
1. Exiting with the Unresponsive Diver
What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver?
a. The method you use to get an unresponsive diver out of the water will depend on where you’re diving, your strength, and whether you have help. Use the following techniques as appropriate:
1. Saddleback carry – the injured diver is stretched across the rescuer’s back. Normally used as a shore exit.
2. Fireman’s carry – the injured diver is swung across the rescuer’s shoulders. Normally used as a shore exit.

23. Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver? continued…
Packstrap carry:
The injured diver is draped over the rescuer’s back and arms are pulled over the rescuer’s shoulders.
Roll Up technique:
Blanket, net or tarp can be lowered form a pier or boat deck to roll up an injured diver.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
3. Packstrap carry – the injured diver is draped over the rescuer’s back and arms are pulled over the rescuer’s shoulders. This is the most preferred method of exiting with an injured diver. Usually a shore exit.
4. Roll up technique – blanket, net or tarp can be lowered from a pier or boat deck to roll up an injured diver. One end is secured to pier/boat deck and the other lower end is placed under victim, who lies in the tarp parallel to the deck. Rescuers roll victim up by pulling up far end of tarp (ropes may be secured to the lower end if necessary for length).

24. Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver? continued…
Lifeguard exit:
Place the injured diver’s hands on the deck.
Lift yourself from the water with one hand on the victim’s hands so the victim doesn’t slide back into the water.
Hold the diver by the wrists and stand, bring victim's waist to dock level.
Lower the diver face down on the deck, then roll the victim over.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
5. Lifeguard exit – place the injured diver’s hands on the deck. Lift yourself from the water with one hand on the victim’s hands so the victim doesn’t slide back in. Hold the diver by the wrists and stand, bring victim’s waist to dock level. Lower the diver face down on the deck, then roll the victim over. Drag the rest of the way from the water if necessary.

25. Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Six Techniques for Exiting the Water
What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver? continued…
Ladder exit:
The injured diver is straddled over the rescuer’s high thigh and shoulder cradles between the rescuer’s arms as the rescuer climbs the ladder.
Rescuer steps up one rung with high thigh (with victim), then brings other foot to same rung and continues up ladder.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
6. Ladder exit – the injured diver is straddled over the rescuer’s high thigh and shoulder cradled between the rescuer’s arms as the rescuer climbs the ladder. Rescuer steps up one rung with high thigh (with victim), then brings other foot to same rung and continues up ladder.

26. Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver?
For shore exits without help:
Give two slow breaths and then carry the diver ashore using the saddleback, fireman’s carry or the packstrap carry.
If the diver is too heavy to carry, simply drag the victim ashore by the wrists.
When exiting through surf:
Protect the victim’s airway – use a pocket mask.
If you have trouble standing, crawl out with the diver rather than walk.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver?
b. Environmental conditions and other circumstances will affect which technique to use when exiting the water. Here are a few suggestions:
For shore exits without help, give two slow breaths and then carry the diver ashore using the saddleback carry, fireman’s carry or the packstrap carry. If the diver is too heavy to carry, simply drag the victim ashore by the two wrists. Resume rescue breathing with two slow breaths within 30 seconds.
2. When you exit through surf, do your best to protect the victim’s airway from crashing waves (a pocket mask is the easiest way). If you have trouble standing, crawl out with the diver rather than walk.

27. Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver? continued…
Exits over rock (avoid if at all possible):
Proceed cautiously and allow the water to carry you and the injured diver up the rocks in stages.
Brace yourself for the next wave.
A longer swim to an easier exit may prove the fastest way to get the victim out of the water.
Expecting help:
Consider staying in the water, maintaining the airway and/or giving rescue breaths until help arrives.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
3. Exits over rock can be difficult. Proceed cautiously and allow the water to carry you and the injured diver up the rocks in stages. Brace yourself for the next wave. Avoid exits with rock if at all possible; a longer swim to an easier exit may prove the fastest way to get the victim out of the water.
4. If you expect help shortly, consider staying in the water, maintaining the airway and/or giving rescue breaths until help arrives. This may be more effective than attempting a difficult exit alone.

28. Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver? continued…
Exits onto swim steps:
Swim steps, low docks and small, stable boats may be easiest using the lifeguard exit.
For a tall dock, boat or pier, you might be able to use the roll up technique with a tarp, net, rope or even several lengths of fire hose.
A second rescuer available:
One rescuer can continue rescue breathing while the other goes ahead and prepares exit equipment.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
5. Exits onto swim steps, low docks and small, stable boats may be easiest using the lifeguard exit. For a tall dock, boat or pier, you might be able to use the roll up technique with a tarp, net, rope or even several lengths of fire hose.
6. A second rescuer can help with any portion of the rescue, but especially the exit. One rescuer can continue rescue breathing while another goes ahead and prepares exit equipment, or the strength of two people may be applied to lift a victim ashore. Always ask for help if it’s available.

29. Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Circumstances Affecting Your Exit
How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver? continued…
Interrupting rescue breaths:
The priorities are maintaining rescue breathing and contacting emergency medical care.
It may be impossible to exit the water without interrupting rescue breaths more than 30 seconds.
Do the best you can and resume rescue breathing/start CPR as soon as possible.
The victim has a better chance out of the water than in it.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
7. The priorities are maintaining rescue breathing and contacting emergency medical care (if you’ve not been able to do so already). In some situations, it may be impossible to exit the water without interrupting rescue breaths more than 30 seconds (for example, you’re alone and have to carry the victim up a tall ladder). In this case, do the best you can and resume rescue breathing/start CPR as soon as possible. The victim has a better chance out of the water than in it.

30. PADI Rescue Diver Course
Final Exam
To be certified as a PADI Rescue Diver, you must show mastery of the material by demonstrating acceptable performance on the PADI Rescue Diver final examination.
There are 50 multiple choice questions covering the material you have been studying.
You need to score 75 percent or higher and demonstrate mastery of all exam items.
A score less than 75 percent requires a retest.
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
Knowledge Assessment
Prior to certification as a PADI Rescue Diver, the student diver must show mastery by demonstrating acceptable performance on the PADI Rescue Diver Examination. Mastery means that the diver scores 75 percent or higher on the exam. If the diver scores less than 75 percent, then you must have the diver retest. In addition to scoring 75 percent or higher, the diver must demonstrate mastery of all exam items, including those questions missed. To accomplish this, review any missed questions with the diver until mastery is achieved. Once again, the Rescue Diver Course Prescriptive Lesson Guides is a useful instructional tool for reviewing examination questions.
PADI Rescue Diver
Exams A and B Versions
PADI Rescue Diver Instructor Guide TWO: Course Standards and Overivew Have the student diver sign and date the examination statement to verify that you reviewed missed questions and that the diver understands the correct answers. It’s recommended, but not required, that you have divers initial missed questions in addition to signing the exam statement. You must keep a written record of the examination answer sheets in the diver’s permanent records (Student Record File).
NOTE: Divers under the age of 15, must independently complete a written exam – an oral exam is not permitted. (The only exception is when junior divers have been diagnosed with a learning disability that affects their reading ability.)

31. Knowledge Development Five Review
PADI Rescue Diver Course
Knowledge Development Five Review
The Psychology of Rescue
Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
Accident Management
Responding to Diver Emergencies
Rescue - Knowledge Development Five
Overview and Learning Objectives
A. The Psychology of Rescue
Post-accident Reports
• When should you write up a report?
• What are eleven questions to answer, if you can, when making a report?
• What statement can you make regarding the incident that will allow you to avoid questions from the media?
• What should you avoid doing on a report or when answering questions?
B. Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency
Use of Emergency Oxygen
• Why is administering emergency oxygen to a diver with suspected decompression illness crucial?
• What are six procedures to follow when handling oxygen?
• How do you administer oxygen to a breathing injured diver and to a nonbreathing injured diver?
C. Accident Management
Managing the Scene Until Help Arrives
• After beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid as needed for a patient, what do you do for the diver while waiting for emergency care to arrive?
• What information should you collect to send with the injured diver upon the arrival of Emergency Medical Services?
D. Responding to Diver Emergencies
Exiting with the Unresponsive Diver
• What are six techniques for exiting the water with an unresponsive diver?
• How can circumstances affect your exit with an unresponsive diver?