1. Human Impacts on Coral Reefs Part 1 Natural Stresses and Human Uses Part 1 Natural Stresses and Human Uses

2. Factors Correlated with Healthy Coral Reef Growth water temperature range: 18 – 29  C normal seawater salinity: 32 – 35 ‰ low inorganic nutrient concentrations (oligotrophic waters) clear, transparent water little or no sedimentation vigorous water motion water temperature range: 18 – 29  C normal seawater salinity: 32 – 35 ‰ low inorganic nutrient concentrations (oligotrophic waters) clear, transparent water little or no sedimentation vigorous water motion

3. Natural Sources of Stress on Coral Reefs intense storms El Niño disease volcanic eruptions predator population explosions natural stream and river runoff exceptionally low tides intense storms El Niño disease volcanic eruptions predator population explosions natural stream and river runoff exceptionally low tides

4. Storm Wave Damage Before After

5. Storm Damage

6. Normal Wind and Ocean Circulation in the Pacific

7. El Niño Conditions

8. Sea Surface Temperatures April 8, 2013

9. Impacts of El Niño Marine Life Impacted Drought Floods Tropical Storm Forest Fires Bird life impacted Coral Reef Damage Coastal Erosion

10. Disease

11. Lava Flows

12. Crown-of-Thorns Outbreaks

13. Stream and River Runoff

14. Low Tides

15. Some Local Human Impacts thermal effluents sewage discharges and agricultural runoff mechanical damage to reefs sedimentation destructive resource extraction practices introduced species loving a reef to death thermal effluents sewage discharges and agricultural runoff mechanical damage to reefs sedimentation destructive resource extraction practices introduced species loving a reef to death

16. Global Human Impacts global warming ozone depletion ocean acidification global warming ozone depletion ocean acidification

17. Possible Consequences of Stresses and Impacts on Corals and Coral Reefs outright mortality of coral tissues breakage of coral colonies bleaching diseases slower growth reduced reproduction and recruitment competitive exclusion by other organisms increased reef erosion outright mortality of coral tissues breakage of coral colonies bleaching diseases slower growth reduced reproduction and recruitment competitive exclusion by other organisms increased reef erosion

18. Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Coral Reef Resources

19. Seaweeds limu

20. Hooks and Lures

21. Octopus Lure

22. Fishing Shrines ko‘a

23. Hawaiian Fish Ponds He'eia fishpond

24. Ahupua’a 1.Upland 2.Plains 3.Ocean Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area

25. The Ahupua‘a

26. Modern Uses of Coral Reefs Seafood Food Additives and Toiletries Health and Medicine Products Research and Education Jewelry and Art Marine Aquarium Specimens New Land Cement & Other Building Supplies Shoreline Protection Recreation Seafood Food Additives and Toiletries Health and Medicine Products Research and Education Jewelry and Art Marine Aquarium Specimens New Land Cement & Other Building Supplies Shoreline Protection Recreation