1. Nature and origin of X-rays Interaction of X-rays with atoms

2. Energy Levels for a one electron atom

3. Energy levels for multielectron atoms
Energy Scale (log)

4. Electronic Transition to inner electron levels
Partial energy level diagram showing common transitions leading to X–radiation.
The most intense lines are indicated by the widest arrows
The orbital shells are labelled as K for n=1, L for n=2, M for n=3.

5. Some Experimental Data

6. Generation of X-Rays
Accellerating
Voltage V Mo e-

7. X-ray emission process
Radiative
de-excitation
Inner shell
ionization

8. Auger Emission
Auger electron emission following inner shell ionisation

9. Fluorescence Yield for K and L shells
Probability of a core hole in the K or L shell being filled by a radiative process

10. X-ray emission from a Silver target
Characteristic Silver emission lines are over imposed on a continuous radiation background (Bremsstrahlung radiation) due to deceleration of high-energy electrons.
The three curves are in dependence from the electron accelerating voltage V
Intensity

11. X–ray emission from a Mo and Cu target

12. X-ray absorption It = incident Io = transmitted X-ray intensity
m = mass absorption coefficient (characteristic of the absorber)
 = density, and
x = thickness of absorber.

13. X-ray absorption by leadK L M
Absorption edges

14. Use of absorption edge as a filter to provide effectively monochromatic X-rays