1. CEG3185 Tutorial 7 Routers and Routing

2. IP Address An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification location addressing.

3. IP Address IP addresses format binary numbers, usually stored in text files and displayed in human- readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1(IPv4) IPv4 32-bit number still in use today. IPv6 128-bits number developed in 1995.

4. IPv4 Address Formats

5. Class A Start with binary 0, Range 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x 7-bit Network, 24-bits Host. Class B Start with binary 1, Range 128.x.x.x to 191.x.x.x 14-bit Network, 16-bits Host. Class C Start with binary 110, Range 192.x.x.x to 223.x.x.x 21-bit Network, 8-bit Host.

6. IPv4 Address Formats Class D Start with binary 1110, Range 224.x.x.x to 239.x.x.x Multicast Class E Start with binary 11110, Range 240.x.x.x to 255.x.x.x Future use

7. Subnet A subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-group in their IP address. Logical divide an IP address into two fields a network or routing prefix the rest field or host identifier.

8. Subnet Masks A subnet mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to. For a IP address 150.215.017.009 subnet mask 255.255.240.000 Full address IP Address 10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001 Subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 So, the IP address 150.215.017.009 belong to the subnet 150.215.016.000(10010110.11010111.001000.000000) Class B NetworkHost address Subnet

9. Router A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. Reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Using information in its routing table or routing policy. Directs the packet to the next network on its journey.

10. Routing Protocol A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other, disseminating information that enables them to select routes between any two nodes on a computer network. Routing algorithms determine the specific choice of route. Each router has a priori knowledge only of networks attached to it directly. A routing protocol shares this information first among immediate neighbors, and then throughout the network. This way, routers gain knowledge of the topology of the network.

11. Static Routing Static routing is not really a routing protocol. Static routing is simply the process of manually entering routes into a device's routing table via a configuration file that is loaded when the routing device starts up. Since these manually configured routes don't change after they are configured (unless a human changes them) they are called 'static' routes.

12. Dynamic Routing Algorithm Dynamic routing protocols are supported by software applications running on the router which dynamically learn network destinations and how to get to them and also advertise those destinations to other routers. A router using dynamic routing will 'learn' the routes to all networks that are directly connected to the device. Next, the router will learn routes from other routers that run the same routing protocol (RIP, RIP2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP etc).

13. OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) OSPF is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) that routes Internet Protocol (IP) packets solely within a single routing domain (autonomous system). It gathers link state information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network. OSPF detects changes in the topology, such as link failures, and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds. It computes the shortest path tree for each route using a method based on Dijkstra's algorithm, a shortest path first algorithm.

14. Lab 7 Schedule This lab will be conducted in group of 3 students. The lab sessions will be 3-hours long. Two lab sessions per week: Tuesdays 14:30-17:30 pm Wednesdays 8:30-11:30 am Please refer to the lab manual for concrete lab descriptions and how to write lab reports. Each group need submit one lab report. Please sign attendance sheet and demonstrate your work to the TA.

15. Objectives In this lab, you will learn about the hardware and the software component of the Cisco Router, and acquire general knowledge of networking protocols. You need to configure the router R1, R2, R3 and build the connection between routers and computers. In this lab, you only need to follow the lab manual to finish the Lab1, Lab2 and Lab3 in the lab manual.

16. Equipment List 1) Cisco 2901 Routers(3) 2) Intel-Based computer with NIC card running Windows 7 (3) 3) Cross-over RJ-45 Ethernet Cable (3) 4) Console Cable with an RJ-45 connector to DB9 adapter (3) 5) Serial link for connecting serial ports together (3) 6) Power supply (3)

17. Router Model The routers used in this lab are Cisco 2901. Please check out your router series number before you begin your lab. Generally, the top router is marked as R1, the middle one is marked as R2, the bottom router is marked as R3.

18. Fig. 1 Front View of Cisco 2901 Router Cisco 2901 Router Fig. 2 Backplane for Cisco 2901 Router

19. 1. RJ-45 connector 2. RJ-45-to-DB-9 serial connector Connectors

20. Procedures Lab1 Interconnect the devices Lab2 Configure the console port connection Configure the workstation for networking Configure the routers Configure the interfaces Configure Static Routing Lab3 Configure Dynamic Routing using OSPF

21. About the Lab Manual The lab tasks are Lab 1, 2 and 3 in the Lab Manual. The Lab Manual was written based on the Cisco router 3600/2600 series. But the commands on the configuration of routers are compatible with the new routers 2901 and can be used in this lab. Please follow the Lab Manual step by step to accomplish the lab tasks.

22. Note 1 Since the routers are new, it is required to input the username (cisco) and password (cisco). But it’s temporary (used only once) and you have to create new ones. Then configure the authentication: yourname#config yourname(config)# username lab privilege 15 secret 0 guessme Here “lab” is the username and “guessme” is the password

23. Note 1

24. Note 2 For router configuration: yourname(config)#hostname R1 R1(config)#end R1# It enables you to make further configuration of the routers. You can input the “?” (e.g. Router>?) to ask for help on the use of commands.

25. Note 2

26. Note 3 Cisco 2901 uses GigabitEthernet interface instead of FastEthernet interface. When interconnect the devices, be clear about the R1, R2 and R3 and their S0, E0, and NIC.

27. Note 3

28. Revise Figure 2.1 in the lab manual page 13.

29. Thank you!