1. Informal studies Informal studies involve observing people as they learn or asking them about their learning Based on their feedback researcher can adjust features of course : formative evaluation Controlled studies Controlled studies compare the learning process and outcomes All features of the learning situation are the same Except for the feature being studied Informal studies Informal studies involve observing people as they learn or asking them about their learning Based on their feedback researcher can adjust features of course : formative evaluation Controlled studies Controlled studies compare the learning process and outcomes All features of the learning situation are the same Except for the feature being studied What is good research? (chap. 2) Clinical trials Clinical trials compare the learning process and outcome of a group of e-learning course versus people who learn from a different e-learning course

2. Seven Jump Method (chap. 11) 1.Clarify unknown terms and concepts 2.Define the problem in the case 3.Analyze problem by brainstorming different explanations 4.Critique different explanation, draft coherent description 5.Define learning issues 6.Engage in self-directed study to fill gaps by learning issue 7.Meet group, share learning, develop final description

3. Adapting Seven-Jump to e-Learning 1.Collaborative tools with minimal communication time lag (online collaboration) 2.Small group can read a case and follow the process 3.Step 3 : Synchronous interaction involved 4.Step 1,2,4,5,7 : Handled asynchronously via e-mail, using group discussion board

4. Evidence for Presenting Words at the Same Time as Corresponding Graphics Learners greatly benefit from integrated texts and illustrations than separated text and illustrations Integrated texts and illustrations Separated texts and illustrations Percent correct on Transfer Test