1. Integrated Optic Components  Passive: Requires no input power, like directional couplers, beam splitters, isolators, filters, lenses and prisms  Active: Requires input power to operate on signals, like modulators, switches, light sources and detectors  Passive devices: are generally constructed by modifying the waveguide structure  Integrated optics: combine many elements on a single monolithic substrate

2. IOC: Directional Coupler  Directional coupler: formed by ion exchange, CVD, etc  Operation and power ratios  Ideal coupler: P 2 /P 1 =cos 2 (  L/2L c ), P 3 /P 1 =sin 2 (  L/2L c )  Coupling is a result of evanescent fields overlap  L c : length for total power transfer  Propagation factor matching  Most common ratio is 1:1, 3dB

3. IOC: Active Devices  Power splitters  Active devices: those control light such as switching, modulation and those convert light  Electro optic materilas: change their index in proportion to an applied electric field  Active control requires materials that are electro optic or acousto optic

4. IOC: Active Components  Electro optic switch  Diffusing titanium into lithium niobate (strong electro optic effect)  Operation  Acousto optic materials rely on the interaction between acoustic waves, excited piezo electrically at WG surface and light beam

5. IOC: Active Components  Modulator  Mach-Zehnder interferometer  Operation  Devices operating at GHz range and requires 10 V is available  Transfer characteristic of a switch is: P o /P in =0.5(1+cos  V/V  )  V  :voltage produces 180 o phase shift  Nonlinear operation is not desired

6. IOC: Active Components  It operates around linear portions by replacing V by V- V  /2  P o /P in =0.5(1+sin  V/V  )  Advantages of external modulators and switches: Higher frequency Does not vary source wavelength and linewidth

7. Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits  OIC: combining optical and electronic functions on same substrate  GaAs substrate  GaAs Photoconductive detector  GaAs MESFET  AlGaAs Laser diode

8. AWG

9. Planar FBG

10. Spectrum