1. Open Source

2. Operating System  Application Program Interface (API) Scheduling: Defines which application to run, when to run it, and how much time. Memory management among applications I/O – coordinates all input/output tasks  Kernel – central part of operating system that allocates resources to accomplish various tasks  Utilities – needed to manage I/O devices

3. Programming Languages  Machine Instructions: binary  Assembler – one to one conversion from mnemonic code to machine instruction LOAD, MOVE, SHIFT, STORE  Complier/Interpreter One-to-many conversion C=A*2

4. Software Packages  Sold as binary code End-users cannot see or modify code that drives logic  Each company has own “proprietary” systems Applications (Microsoft Office, SAP) Systems (Unix, AIX, Windows NT)

5. Unix  Develop at Bell Labs Written in C, easy to change and modify  UC Berkley released modified version No longer fell under AT&T license Did not include all utilities needed to operate on alternative platforms  Resulted in multiple version of Unix Sun OS, AIX, HP/UX

6. Background on Open Source  Richard Stallman – formed Free Software Movement Four freedoms to protect natural rights of users Run a program for any purpose Modify a program to suit one’s needs Redistribute copies either gratis or for a fee Distribute modified versions of a program Created General Public License Copyleft – means to keep software free versus restrict its use

7. Background on Open Source  Richard Stallman – continued Set out to develop free operating system GNU’s not Unix GNU project comprised of utilities that ran on top of kernel Had to purchase Unix to get kernel Stallman’s concept was to make object-oriented kernel

8. Background on Open Source  Linus Torvalds CS student in Finland Developed monolithic Unix-like kernel to run on a 486 Posted work on internet – incorporated suggestions sent by other programmers into his work. Incorporated kernel with GNU utilities to produce Linux

9. Linux  10,000 lines of code in 1991  1.5 million lines of code in 1998. Less than 5% of code was written by Torvalds  Torvalds now part of Open Source Labs Located in Beaverton Still key architect for approving changes Forced to delegate some decisions to key lieutenants

10. History of Open Source – cont’d  Open Source Initiative -- 1998 Eric Raymond, Bruce Perens, Larry Augustine  Open Source Definition Free distribution Source code included Allows modifications and derived works Derivatives must be allowed to follow OSD No discrimination – persons, groups, fields or endeavors May be licensed (such as GPL)

11. Movie  Watch for Torvalds Stallman Raymond Tiemann Augustine

12. Examples of Open Source  Linux (http://www.kernel.org/)http://www.kernel.org/  Apache (http://www.apache.org/)http://www.apache.org/  OpenOffice (http://www.openoffice.org/)http://www.openoffice.org/  SendMail (http://www.sendmail.org/)http://www.sendmail.org/  Mozilla (http://www.mozilla.org/) & Firefoxhttp://www.mozilla.org/  Perl (http://www.perl.org/)http://www.perl.org/  PHP (http://www.php.net/)http://www.php.net/

13. Bazaars  SourceForge (http://sourceforge.net/index.php)http://sourceforge.net/index.php  FreshMeat (http://freshmeat.net/)http://freshmeat.net/  CoSource (http://www.cosource.net/pages/768699/index. htm)http://www.cosource.net/pages/768699/index. htm  GNU (http://www.gnu.org/)http://www.gnu.org/

14. Why are companies backing Linux?  HP: Desktop was not strategic to HP Moving to Linux reduced operating costs by not having to maintain a proprietary system Martin Find, Linux System Operations Low level infrastructure is going to be commoditized Need to invest higher up in the value stack

15. Why are companies backing Linux?  Sun: Released source code for StarOffice under GPL Continued development by open source community should lead to increase sales in servers and support Lifecycle of proprietary languages is 10 years If open Java, could extend the currency of language

16. Why are companies backing Linux?  IBM Milestone in open source was Atlanta Olympics IBM bet their reputation on open source products “We sell hardware under Linux, the software on top of Linux, and the services all around it.”

17. Why are companies backing Linux?  Why would IBM pay it’s personnel to work on an open source project?