1. World of ultracold atoms with strong interaction National Tsing-Hua University Daw-Wei Wang

2. Temperature ? What we mean by “ultracold” ?

3. Why low temperature ? Ans: To see the quantum effects ! Uncertainty principle:

4. (after Nature, 416, 225 (’02))

5. Why strong interaction ? Because interaction can make “many” to be “different” ! P. Anderson: “Many is not more” Example: 1D interacting electrons  crystalization and no fermionic excitation

6. How to make interaction stronger ?

7. How to reach ultracold temperature ? 1. Laser cooling ! (1997 Nobel Price) Use red detune laser + Doppler effect

8. How to reach ultracold temperature ? 2. Evaporative cooling ! Reduce potential barrial +thermal equilibrium

9. Typical experimental environment MIT

10. How to do measurement ? Trapping and cooling Perturbing Releasing and measuring BEC (2001 Nobel Price)

11. What is Bose-Einstein condensation ? When T is small enough, noninteracting bosons like to stay in the lowest energy state, i.e. BEC

12. How about fermions in T=0 ? When T-> 0, noninteracting fermions form a compact distribution in energy level. E D(E) Fermi sea

13. BEC and Superfluidity of bosons Superfluid Normal fluid v repulsion Landau’s two-fluid model BEC = superfluidity uncondensate condensate (after Science, 293, 843 (’01))

14. Phonons and interference in BEC Phonon=density fluctuation Interference Matter waves ? (after Science 275, 637 (’97))

15. Vortices in condensate Vortex = topological disorder E L 1320 Vortices melting, quantum Hall regime ? (after Science 292, 476 (’01)) (after PRL 87, 190401 (’01))

16. Spinor condensation in optical trap Na B E F=2 F=1 (see for example, cond-mat/0005001)

17. Boson-fermion mixtures Sympathetic cooling Fermions are noninteracting ! phonon-mediated interaction fermion phonon E D(E) Interacting fermi sea rf-pulse

18. Feshbach Resonance (i) Typical scattering: (ii) Resonant scattering: B a Molecule state

19. Molecule and pair condensate (JILA, after Nature 424, 47 (’03)) (MIT group, PRL 92, 120403 (’04)) (Innsbruck, after Science 305, 1128 (’04))

20. B a First evidence of superfluidity of fermion pairing

21. Optical lattice 3D lattice 1D lattice Entanglement control other lattice

22. Mott-Insulator transition (after Nature 415, 39 (’02)) n=1 n=2 n=3 superfluid Bose-Hubbard model

23. Fermions in optical lattice Fermi Hubbard model Superfluidity of fermion pairing in lattice is also realized.

24. Transport in 1D waveguide Interference ? Finite temperature + semiconductor technique wave guide wire

25. Dipoles in nature: (1) Heteronuclear molecules (2) Atoms with large magnetic moment (a) Direct molecules p~ 1-5 D (b) But difficult to be cooled Small moment But it is now ready to go ! (Doyle, Meijer, DeMille etc.) (Stuhler etc.)

26. Condensate (superfluid) T c ~700 nK

27. Cold dipolar atoms/molecules (1) Heteronuclear molecules (2) Atoms with large magnetic moment (a) Direct molecules p~ 1-5 D (b) But difficult to be cooled Small moment But it is now ready to go ! (Doyle, Meijer, DeMille etc.) (Stuhler etc.)

28. Condensate (superfluid) T c ~700 nK

29. Interdisciplinary field Ultracold atoms Traditional AMO Quantum Information Nonlinear Physics Precise measurement Condensed matter Cosmology Soft-matter/ chemistry