1. Part II Central Nervous System: Brain

3. Chapter 7 Vocabulary ventricles gyri (gyrus) sulci (sulcus) fissures
longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
Broco’s area
speech area
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

4. II. Central Nervous System (CNS)
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles
Four chambers within the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

5. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 7.17a–b

6. A. Four Major Regions of the Brain
1. Cerebrum (Cerebral hemispheres)
2. Diencephalon
3. Brain stem
4. Cerebellum
Figure 7.12b

7. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
Include more than half of the brain mass
Figure 7.13a

8. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
Gyri (gyrus) – outward folds or ridges on surface of cerebral cortex
Sulci (sulcus) – shallow grooves or furrows in cerebral cortex
Fissures – the deepest inward folds on the brain
Figure 7.13a

9. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Central Sulcus – divides the cerebral hemisphere into motor and sensory areas; separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Longitudinal Fissure - separates the cerebral hemispheres
Figure 7.13a

10. B. Cerebrum - Four Lobes
Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes:
1. Parietal lobe – somatic sensory area (post- central sulcus)
2. Frontal lobe – primary motor area (pre-central sulcus), Broca’s area (motor speech)
3. Temporal lobe – auditory area and olfactory area
4. Occipital lobe – visual area

11. Lobes of the Cerebrum
Figure 7.15a

12. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Somatic sensory area – receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors (parietal lobe)
Primary motor area – sends impulses to skeletal muscles (frontal lobe)
Broca’s area – involved in our ability to say words correctly; usually in left cerebral hemisphere (frontal lobe)
Speech Area – involved in language comprehension (word meanings); located at junction of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

13. Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 7.14

14. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Cerebral areas involved in special senses
Gustatory area (taste)
Visual area
Auditory area
Olfactory area

15. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
Speech/language region
Language comprehension region
General interpretation area

16. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c

17. Layers of the Cerebrum Gray matter Outer layer
Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
Cerebral cortex – outermost gray matter of the cerebrum;
Figure 7.13a

18. Layers of the Cerebrum White matter
Fiber tracts inside the gray matter
corpus callosum - connects cerebral hemispheres
Figure 7.13a

19. Corpus Callosum – connects the cerebral
Corpus Callosum – connects the cerebral hemispheres; allows the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another
corpus callosum

20. Layers of the Cerebrum
Basal nuclei – internal islands of gray matter; help regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex;
Located at the base of the brain
Composed of 4 clusters of neurons, or nerve cells.
This area of the brain is responsible for body movement and coordination.
Figure 7.13a

21. The Terrible Three CNS Degenerative Diseases
Parkinson’s disease – degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons causing basal nuclei to become overactive, causing persistent tremor at rest and trouble initiating movement or getting muscles going
Huntington’s disease - genetic disease that leads to massive degeneration of the basal nuclei and later of the cerebral cortex. Symptoms are wild, jerky, and almost continuous flapping movements called chorea and mental deterioration, usually fatal, within 15 years of onset
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration). AD is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine (ACh) and structural changes in the brain, particularly in areas involved with cognition and memory where abnormal proteins are deposited, gyri shrink, and the brain atrophies. Causes are unknown.

22. Alzheimer’s Disease Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

23. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

24. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

25. Huntington’s Disease

26. Huntington’s Disease
Huntington's disease is a hereditary disorder caused by a faulty gene for a protein called huntingtin. The children of people with the disorder have a 50% chance of inheriting it. The disease causes degeneration in many regions of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of Huntington's disease usually begin when patients are in their thirties or forties, and the average life expectancy after diagnosis is about 15 years. Cognitive symptoms of Huntington's disease typically begin with mild personality changes, such as irritability, anxiety, and depression, and progress to severe dementia. Many patients also show psychotic behavior. Huntington's disease causes chorea - involuntary jerky, arrhythmic movements of the body - as well as muscle weakness, clumsiness, and gait disturbances.

27. Parkinson’s Disease

28. Parkinson’s Disease

29. Imaging Dementia-Mayo Clinic

30. C. Diencephalon (Interbrain)
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts:
1. Thalamus – relays sensory impulses
2. Hypothalamus – temperature, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure center (limbic center- emotions); regulates pituitary gland and mammillary bodies (sense of smell)
3. Epithalamus – contains pineal body (sleep/wake cycle) and choroid plexus (makes CS fluid)

31. Diencephalon
Figure 7.15

32. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 7.17a–b

33. Diencephalon: Thalamus
Surrounds the third ventricle
The relay station for sensory impulses
Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

34. Diencephalon: Hypothalamus
Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system center
Helps regulate body temperature
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
An important part of the limbic system (emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

35. Diencephalon: Epithalamus
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
Includes the choroid plexus – forms cerebrospinal fluid

36. D. Brain Stem Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem:
1. Midbrain – contains cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, and corpora quadrigemina; reflex centers for vision and hearing
2. Pons – “bridge”; controls breathing
3. Medulla oblongata – merges with spinal cord; vital centers control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting
4. Reticular formation – motor control of organs, RAS controls awake/sleep cycle and consciousness

37. Brain Stem
Figure 7.15a

38. Brain Stem: Midbrain Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
Has two bulging fiber tracts – cerebral peduncles
Has four rounded protrusions – corpora quadrigemina
Reflex centers for vision and hearing

39. Brain Stem: Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts
Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

40. Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting

41. Brain Stem: Reticular Formation
Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs
Reticular activating system plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness

42. Brain Stem: Reticular Formation
Figure 7.15b

43. E. Cerebellum Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
Precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
Controls balance and equilibrium

44. Cerebellum
Figure 7.15a

45. Traumatic Brain Injury Videos
Effects of damage to different lobes

46. Chapter 7 Vocabulary ventricles gyri (gyrus) sulci (sulcus) fissures
longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
Broco’s area
speech area
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)