1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. The General Senses General versus Special Senses General senses—
Temperature
Pain
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception本體感覺.
Receptors throughout the body
Special senses—Smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing. Receptors located in sense organs感覺器官 (e.g., ear, eye).
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Receptors and Receptive Fields
The General Senses
Receptors and Receptive Fields 受體
Figure 9-1

4. The General Senses Pain Definitions
Nociceptors痛覺感受器—Receptors for tissue damage to lead to the sensation of pain
Fast (prickling) pain—Localized pain carried quickly to the CNS on myelinated axons
Slow (burning) pain—Generalized pain carried on slow unmyelinated axons
Referred pain轉移痛—Perception of pain in a part of the body not actually stimulated
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. The General Senses
Referred Pain
Figure 9-2

6. The General Senses Temperature
Thermoreceptors detect temperature change
Free nerve endings
Found in dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, hypothalamus
Fast adapting (adaptation)
Cold receptors greatly outnumber warm receptors
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. The General Senses Touch, Pressure, and Position
Mechanoreceptors機械性感受器—Receptors that respond to physical distortion of their cell membranes.
Tactile觸覺 receptors—Sense touch, pressure, or vibration
Baroreceptors壓覺—Sense pressure changes in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bladder, lungs
Proprioceptors巴式感受器—Respond to positions of joints and muscle
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. The General Senses Tactile Receptors Fine touch or pressure receptors
Highly detailed information about a stimulus
Crude touch or pressure receptors
Poorly localized information about a stimulus
Important types:
root hair plexus毛根叢
tactile disks精細觸覺感受器
tactile corpuscles精細觸覺和壓覺感受器
lamellated corpuscles大型感受器
Ruffini corpuscles壓力和紐力感受器
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Tactile Receptors in the Skin
The General Senses
Tactile Receptors in the Skin
Figure 9-3

10. The General Senses Baroreceptors
Provide pressure information essential for autonomic regulation
Arterial blood pressure
Lung inflation
Digestive coordination
Bladder fullness
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11. The General Senses Proprioceptors本體感覺受器
Monitor joint angle, tension in tendons and ligaments, state of muscular contraction
Include:
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. The General Senses Chemical Detection
Chemoreceptors化學受器 respond to chemicals dissolved in body fluids that surround them and monitor the chemical composition of blood and tissues
Chemicals that can be sensed include:
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Hydrogen ion
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. The Special Senses—Smell
Olfactory Organs嗅覺器官
Olfactory epithelium嗅覺上皮
Olfactory receptor cells
Neurons sensitive to odorants
Supporting cells
Basal (stem) cells
Olfactory glands
Mucus-secreting cells

14. The Special Senses—Smell
The Olfactory Pathways
Axons from olfactory receptors penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Synapse in olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract projects to:
Olfactory cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Limbic System
The Olfactory Organs
Figure 9-6(b)

15. The Special Senses—Taste
Taste (Gustatory) Receptors味覺
Taste buds味蕾
Found within papillae on tongue, pharynx, larynx
Contain gustatory cells, supportive cells
Taste hairs (cilia) extend into taste pores
Sense salt, sweet, sour, bitter
Also sense umami味精, water
Synapse in medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. The Special Senses—Taste
Gustatory Receptors
Figure 9-7(a)

17. The Special Senses—Taste
Gustatory Receptors
Figure 9-7(b)

18. The Special Senses—Taste
Gustatory Receptors
Figure 9-7(c)

19. The Special Senses—Vision
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelids (palpebra) 眼瞼and glands
Superficial epithelium of eye
Conjunctiva結膜
Lacrimal淚 apparatus
Tear production and removal
Extrinsic eye muscles
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. The Special Senses—Vision
The Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal gland淚腺 produce tears
Bathe conjunctiva
Contain lysozyme to attack bacteria
Tears drain into nasal cavity
Pass through lacrimal canals淚管, lacrimal sac淚囊, nasolacrimal duct鼻淚管
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. The Special Senses—Vision
The Accessory Structures of the Eye
Figure 9-8(a)

22. The Special Senses—Vision
The Accessory Structures of the Eye
Figure 9-8(b)

23. The Special Senses—Vision
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Move the eye
Six muscles cooperate to control gaze
Superior上 and inferior下 rectus直
Lateral外 and medial 內rectus
Superior上 and inferior下 oblique斜

24. The Special Senses—Vision
Fibrous tunic纖維膜
Sclera捷膜
Dense fibrous connective tissue
“White of the eye”
Cornea角膜
Transparent
Light entrance
Vascular tunic血管層
Iris虹膜
Boundary between anterior and posterior chambers
Ciliary body捷狀体
Ciliary muscle and ciliary process
Attachment of suspensory ligaments
Choroid脈絡膜
Highly vascular
Neural tunic(Retina)網膜層
Outer pigmented part
Absorbs stray light
Inner neural part
Detects light
Processes image
Communicates with brain

25. The Special Senses—Vision
Functions of the Vascular Tunic
Provide a route for blood vessels
Control amount of light entering eye
Adjust diameter of pupil瞳孔
Secrete and absorb aqueous humor
Adjust lens水晶體 shape for focusing
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26. The Special Senses—Vision
The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Figure 9-10(b)

27. The Special Senses—Vision
The Pupillary Muscles
Figure 9-11

28. The Special Senses—Vision
The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Figure 9-10 (c)

29. The Special Senses—Vision
Organization of the Retina
Photoreceptor layer
Bipolar cells雙極細胞
Amacrine無足細胞, horizontal cells水平細胞 modify signals
Ganglion cells節細胞
Optic nerve (CN II)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. The Special Senses—Vision
Retinal Organization
Figure 9-12(a)

31. The Special Senses—Vision
Retinal Organization
Figure 9-12(b)

32. The Special Senses—Vision
Retinal Organization
Figure 9-12(c)

33. The Special Senses—Vision
The Aqueous Humor
Secreted by ciliary processes into posterior chamber
Flows into anterior chamber
Maintains eye shape
Carries nutrients and wastes
Reabsorbed into circulation
Leaves at canal of Schlemm許萊母氏管
Excess humor leads to glaucoma青光眼
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34. The Special Senses—Vision
Eye Chambers and the Circulation of Aqueous Humor
Figure 9-14

35. The Special Senses—Vision
The Lens
Supported by suspensory ligaments
Built from transparent cells
Surrounded by elastic capsule
Lens and cornea focus light on retina
Bend light (refraction)
Accommodation changes lens shape
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36. The Special Senses—Vision
Focal Point, Focal Distance, and Visual Accommodation
Figure 9-15(a)

37. The Special Senses—Vision
Focal Point, Focal Distance, and Visual Accommodation
Figure 9-15(b)

38. The Special Senses—Vision
Focal Point, Focal Distance, and Visual Accommodation
Figure 9-15(c)

39. The Special Senses—Vision
Focal Point, Focal Distance, and Visual Accommodation
Figure 9-15(d)

40. The Special Senses—Vision
Focal Point, Focal Distance, and Visual Accommodation
Figure 9-15(e)

41. The Special Senses—Vision
Image Formation
Figure 9-16(a)

42. The Special Senses—Vision
Image Formation
Figure 9-16(b)

43. The Special Senses—Vision
Visual Abnormalities
Figure 9-17(a)

44. The Special Senses—Vision
Visual Abnormalities
Figure 9-17(b)

45. The Special Senses—Vision
Visual Abnormalities
Figure 9-17(c)

46. The Special Senses—Vision
Visual Abnormalities
Figure 9-17(d)

47. The Special Senses—Vision
Visual Abnormalities
Figure 9-17(e)

48. The Special Senses—Vision
Visual Physiology
Photoreceptors—Cells specialized to respond to photons, packets of light energy
Two types of photoreceptors
Rods
Highly sensitive, non-color vision
In peripheral retina
Cones
Less sensitive, color vision
Mostly in fovea, center of macula lutea
Site of sharpest vision
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49. The Special Senses—Vision
Photoreceptor Anatomy
Outer segment
Discs with visual pigments
Light absorption by rhodopsin視紫
Opsin視蛋白酶 + retinal視網膜
Inner segment
Synapse with bipolar cell
Control of neurotransmitter release
Effect on bipolar cells
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

50. The Special Senses—Vision
The Structure of Rods and Cones
Figure 9-19

51. The Special Senses—Vision
The Visual Pathway
Ganglion cells axon converge at optic disc
Axons leave as optic nerve (CN II)
Some axons cross at optic chiasm視神經交叉
Synapse in thalamus bilaterally
Thalamic neurons project to visual cortex
Located in occipital lobes
Contains map of visual field

52. Equilibrium and Hearing
Sensory Functions of the Inner Ear
Dynamic equilibrium
Static equilibrium
Hearing
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

53. Equilibrium and Hearing
Anatomy of the Ear
External ear外耳
Pinna (auricle)耳壳
External acoustic canal外耳道
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)鼓膜
Middle ear中耳
Auditory ossicles耳骨
Connect tympanic membrane to inner ear
Auditory tube耳咽管
Connection to nasopharynx鼻咽管
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54. Equilibrium and Hearing
Anatomy of the Inner Ear
Vestibule前庭
Membranous sacs
Utricle球狀囊
Saccule橢圓囊
Receptors for linear acceleration, gravity
Semicircular canal半規管with ducts
Receptors for rotation
Cochlea耳蝸 with cochlear duct耳蝸管
Receptors for sound
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

55. Equilibrium and Hearing
Receptors of the Inner Ear
Hair cells毛細胞
Mechanoreceptors
Stereocilia on cell surface
Bending excites/inhibits hair cell
Information on direction and strength of mechanical stimuli
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

56. Equilibrium and Hearing
The Anatomy of the Ear
Figure 9-22

57. Equilibrium and Hearing
The Structure of the Middle Ear
Figure 9-23

58. Equilibrium and Hearing
The Anatomy of the Ear
Figure 9-24(a,b)

59. Equilibrium and Hearing
The Anatomy of the Ear
Figure 9-24(c)
PLAY
The Ear: Ear Anatomy

60. Equilibrium and Hearing
Semicircular ducts
Connect to utricle
Contains ampulla with hair cells
Stereocilia立體纖毛 contact cupola
Gelatinous mass distorted by fluid movement
Detects rotation of head in three planes
Anterior, posterior, lateral ducts
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61. Equilibrium and Hearing
Equilibrium (continued)
Saccule球囊 and utricle橢圓囊
Hair cells cluster in maculae聽斑
Stereocilia contact otoliths耳石 (heavy mineral crystals)
Gravity pulls otoliths
Detect tilt of head
Sensory axons in vestibular branch of CN VIII
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62. Head in horizontal position
Figure 9-25(e)
1 of 4
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63. Equilibrium and Hearing
The Cochlea and the Organ of Corti
Figure 9-26(a)

64. Equilibrium and Hearing
The Cochlea and the Organ of Corti
Figure 9-26(b)

65. Figure 9-27
1 of 7
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66. Equilibrium and Hearing
Auditory Pathways
Hair cells excite sensory neurons
Sensory neurons located in spiral ganglion
Afferent axons form cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Synapses in cochlear nucleus in medulla
Neurons relay to midbrain
Midbrain relays to thalamus
Thalamus relays to auditory cortex (temporal lobe) in a frequency map
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67. Equilibrium and Hearing
Pathways for Auditory Sensations
Figure 9-28

68. Aging and the Senses Impact of Aging on Sensory Ability
Gradual reduction in smell and taste sensitivity as receptors are lost
Lens changes lead to presbyopia (loss of near vision)
Chance of cataract increases
Progressive loss of hearing sensitivity as receptors are lost (presbycusis)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings