1. Genetically Modified Organisms - plants, animals, microorganisms - add or take away traits

2. Why use GMOs? -old method: traditional breeding -new method: direct introduction of desired trait

3. How are organisms genetically modified? (I) Direct DNA transfer (II) Vector assisted transmission electroporation biolistics (plants) microinjection

4. Wound near base of stem Agrobacterium tumefaciens Bacteria invade wound Healthy plant Rapid cell division in plant - Crown Gall

5. T-DNA (oncogenes) Virulence region Host specificity region ~200 kb Tumour Inducing Plasmid of A. tumefaciens

6. T-DNA Ti integrated T-DNA Plant chromosomal DNA T-DNA Plant DNA rapid cell divisionsynthesis of opines Plasmid invades plant cell

7. T-DNA of a wild type Ti plasmid Oncogenes - auxin synthesis, cytokinin synthesis, growth stimulation iaaHiaaMiptnos Gene transfer using the T-DNA of a plasmid promoter terminator selection marker - kanamycin gene(s) of interest

8. Golden Rice When is a carrot not a carrot?

9. Herbicide resistance built in to maize

10. Bt Cotton Cotton Boll Weevil Monarch Butterfly

11. Improving health care

12. Vaccines - Cholera

13. Insulin Dependent Diabetes

14. Clearing up after war

16. BioSteel Nephila clavipes Capra hircus

17. Transgenics - example of inactivated genes Antisense strategy -blocking of enzyme synthesis to improve the quality of fruit e.g. polygalacturonic acid in tomato the “Flavr Savr”

18. Types of modifications introduced into plants between 1987 and 1999 Herbicide tolerance30% Insect resistance25% Product quality20% Resistance to viruses or fungi15% Agronomical qualities 7% Other 3%

19. Examples of introduced genes Herbicide resistance Resistance to plant pathogens Improvement of nutritional qualities Health care Resistance to abiotic stress Increased Production or Yield Safety Matters

20. Other….

21. The scaredy goat Tennessee Fainting Goats