1. Cells and Their Environment
Biology Chapter 8
Cells and Their Environment

2. Sodium-Potassium Pump
Carrier protein that uses ATP as it moves potassium ions and sodium ions across the cell membrane.

3. Cells
The human body contains two hundred and ten different cell types, that are found only in humans. Every cell in the body has a sodium-potassium pump
Along with that there is the fact that there are over one hundred trillion cells in the body at any given time.

4. Cells
Each cell has a sodium potassium pump, this pump operates on an automatic mechanism of active movement that move the ions of potassium into the  plasma membrane of a cell and the ions of sodium out of the plasma membrane of a cell.

5. Lipid Bilayer
Double layer that makes up a cell membrane

6. Concentration Gradient
The difference in the concentration of a substance across a region.

7. Facilitated Diffusion
A form of passive transport that involves membrane proteins that aid the movement of substances.

8. Active Transport
The moving of a substance to an area of higher concentration, using energy

9. Passive Transport
The moving of a substance to an area of lower concentration without any energy use.

10. Equilibrium
The state that exists for a substance when the substance is distributed evenly across a space.

11. Hypertonic Solution

12. Hypotonic Solution

13. Isotonic Solution

14. Cells in Solutions

15. Cells
The cell-surface markers identifies the cell type.

16. Cell Membranes
The outer surface is polar, while the interior is nonpolar.

17. Cells
By controlling what enters and leaves a cell, the cell membrane aids in maintaining homeostasis within the cell.

18. Cells
Small nonpolar molecules can pass unaided through the cell membrane

19. Diffusion
Is the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

20. Facilitated Diffusion
When particles move out of a cell through facilitated diffusion, the cell does not experience any change related to energy.

21. Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

22. Endocytosis
Molecules that are too large to be moved through a cell membrane can be transported into the cell by endocytosis.

23. Osmosis
If the concentration of a sugar solution is lower outside outside the cell than inside the cell, water will move into the cell

24. Sodium-Potassium Pump
Is used to remove sodium from a cell and bring potassium into a cell against their concentration gradients

25. Vesicles
Endocytosis always involves the movement of a vesicle.

26. Cell Surfaces
When a molecule fits into the binding site of a receptor protein on a cell’s surface
The receptor can open an ion channel in the cell membrane
The receptor can act as a n enzyme, causing chemical changes in the cytoplasm
The receptor can cause the information of a second messenger

27. Receptor Protein
Membrane receptor proteins transmit information into the cell by responding to signal molecules

28. Messengers
A second messenger always carries a signal within a cell

29. Chapter 8 Test is tomorrow