1. German Unification

2. Focus Question
Was the unification of Italy more liberal or conservative? Why?
What about Germany?

3. FACTORS PROMOTING UNITY
Common Nationality emerging
Napoleon & Congress of Vienna
Zollverein

4. Common Nationality
As opposed to Austria, who was more ethnically diverse
Especially with the emergence of Prussia as a great power, Germans rallied around the “Prussian spirit”
Writers chronicled their version of “German-ness”

6. JOHANN FICHTE (1762-1814) CLAIMED EXISTENCE OF A “GERMAN SPIRIT”
GERMANY MORE NOBLE & MUST LEAD CIVILIZED WORLD

7. GEORG HEGEL (1762-1831) PREDICTED UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
STATE NOT BOUND TO RESPECT ANY INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

8. JAKOB & WILHELM GRIMM
LINGUISTS TRAVELING GERMANY RESEARCHING DIALECTS & FOLK TALES
PROCLAIMED GERMAN LANGUAGE WAS PRE-EMINENT OVER OTHER LANGUAGES

9. Napoleon’s Influence Unified German peoples against him
Spread nationalist ideas

10. Congress of Vienna (1815)
German states reduced to 39 controlled by Austria (German Confederation)
Confederation was weak and ineffective at stirring nationalist feelings

11. The “Three Germanies”

12. Zollverein (1819)
Encouraged free trade among German states & maintained high tariffs against non-members
Benefited German workers and manufacturers

13. FAILURE OF THE 1848 REVOLUTION
German liberals led a series of revolts aimed at ending autocracy & unifying Germany
Frankfurt Assembly (Parliament) convened to institute democratic rule; proclaimed German unification.
Offered king of Prussia to be emperor of unified Germany but he REJECTED
Wanted to be elected by princes HRE style

14. FAILURE OF THE 1848 REVOLUTION
King of Prussia refused offer
Conservatives retake power
End of Frankfurt assembly

15. A history of disunity No natural boundaries France and Austria
Obstacles to Unity
A history of disunity
No natural boundaries
France and Austria

16. Otto von Bismarck Chief minister of Prussia – 1862
Member of land owning aristocracy (Junkers)
Loyalty to the King
Manipulator (Machiavelli style)

17. Bismarck rejects liberalism
The master of “Realpolitik”
Politics based on reality, not idealism
AKA nations acting in their own interests rather than trying to uphold ideals like altruism, morals, etc.
Germany will be won by blood & Iron!

18. Kaiser William (Wilhelm??) I
Hohenzollern King of Prussia ( )
Became emperor of Germany (1871)
Supporter of Bismarck

19. Helmuth von Moltke Prussian General & Chief of Staff
Assured Bismarck’s success by building large, powerful army & achieving military success

20. STEPS IN GERMAN UNIFICATION (1862-1871)

21. STEP 1: CREATION OF PRUSSIAN MILITARY POWER:
1862-Bismarck requested the build up of German military
Prussian legislature refused
Bismarck ignored law makers & violated Prussian constitution by ruling as a dictator until 1867
Bismarck & von Moltke create strong and powerful military

22. STEP 2: ELIMINATION OF AUSTRIAN INFLUENCE:
Danish War (1864) – Bismarck brought about war with Denmark over control of Schleswig & Holstein
With help from Austria, Denmark was defeated
Prussia & Austria share influence of the 2 regions

23. STEP 2: ELIMINATION OF AUSTRIAN INFLUENCE:
Austro-Prussian War (1866) – Bismarck starts war with Austria over control of conquered territories
von Moltke’s armies quickly defeat Austria
Prussia gains control of territories and Austria loses control of Germany

25. STEP 3: NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION (1867)
Bismarck annexed several north German states
Compelled the remaining ones to join in a Prussian-dominated North German Confederation
Southern German states still remain under Prussian influence due to the Zollverein

26. STEP 3: NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION (1867)
Franco-Prussian War ( ) – Bismarck starts war with France to unify southern German states with Prussia
EMS Telegram – Bismarck changed a message to be insulting to France, starts war
von Moltke’s armies defeated France

27. STEP 3: NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION (1867)
With the Treaty of Frankfurt…
FRANCE CEDED TO GERMANY THE PROVINCES OF ALSACE & LORRAINE
PAY GERMANY HUGE WAR INDEMNITY
CONSENTED TO GERMAN MILITARY OCCUPATION UNTIL INDEMNITY WAS PAID
PLANTED SEEDS FOR WORLD WAR I

29. STEP 4: ESTABLISHMENT OF GERMAN EMPIRE (1871)
During Franco-Prussian War, southern German states unified with Prussia
1871- at Palace of Versailles, Bismarck proclaimed William I as Emperor of German Empire
Second Reich

31. Formation of the German Reich 1870

33. CATILINE = “conspirator”

34. The United German Empire - 1871

35. Assignment List Liberalism/Conservatism/Nationalism readings/questions
Greek Independence DBQ outline
Dickens Readings Questions
1848 Revolutions Chart, Mazzini SOAPPS on back
France’s 2nd Empire & Hausmann’s Paris Reading Questions
Focus Questions from Chapter 21-22