1. FILUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)

2. Classification  formerly
2 phylum names
1. Coelenterata – hollow gut
2. Cnidaria – nettle

3. Basic characteristic

4. 2 body types
Polyp  Tubelike, usually sessile and has a cylindrical body with a mouth and tentacles at the upper free end. Other end (aboral) usually attached to a rock or other surface. Thin Mesoglea layer. Corals and Hydras are examples
Medusa; bell-shaped body/umbrella, floating, tentacles and mouth facing down, have thick mesoglea ex. jellyfish

5. Diploblastic- two germ layers
Phylum Cnidaria
Dipoblastic : having a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers (ectoderm and endoderm, but no mesoderm)
Mesoglea definition, the noncellular, gelatinous material between the inner and outer body walls of a coelenterate or sponge
Mesoglea  not true layer

6. Filum Cnidaria: ubur-ubur, terumbu karang, hydroids, anemone laut

7. Symmetry
Radial symmetry

8. Nervous System
Nerve Net- Cnidarians do not have a brain but they have simple sensory receptors that detect & respond to stimuli  evenly spaced
Nerve net with stinging capsules called nematocysts

9. sphincter muscle, any of the ringlike muscles surrounding and able to contract or close a bodily passage or opening
In­side the um­brella, sus­pended like the clap­per of a bell, is the manubrium, which con­tains the gas­tric cav­ity, and ends in a mouth. Struc­tures that pro­duce ga­metes form on the sides of the manubrium.

11. LAPISAN EPIDERMIS
SEL INTERTISIAL BERUKURAN KECIL,AGAK BULAT, NUKLEUS BESAR,TDP SEL SPERMA,SEL TELUR, CNIDOCYTE
DIDALAM CNIDOCYTE TDP NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA SPT KAPSUL,BULAT, LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI,YG DITEMBAKKAN KE LUAR
NEMATOCYTE TDP DI TENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORAL
TERDIRI LIMA MACAM SEL
SEL EPITEL OTOT(epithelio-muscle cells)
SEL INTERSTISIAL(intertitial cells)
SEL CNIDOCYTE
SEL KELENJAR LENDIR (mucus -secreting cells)
SEL SYARAF INDERA (sensory nerve cells)
SEL EPITEL OTOT BERUKURAN BESAR MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG TUBUH

12. SEL KELENJAR LENDIR MENGHASILKAN LENDIR YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PELINDUNG UNTUK MENANGKAP MANGSA DAN MELEKAT PADA SUBSTRAT
SEL SYARAF BENTUK MIRIP MULTIPOLAR NEURON,TERLETAK PADA DASAR SEL EPITEL OTOT DEKAT DAN SEJAJAR MESOGLEA.
SEL INDRA PANJANG, LANGSING, TEGAK LURUS EPIDERMIS. Pangkal sel indera berhub dgn sel syaraf tersusun seperti jala pd epidermis dekat mesoglea.

13. Lapisan epidermis terdiri atas: Sel Epitel Otot, Sel Interstisial,
Sel Cnidocyte, Sel Kelenjar Lendir, Sel Saraf Indera.
Mesoglea
Pseudopodia
Nutritive
muscle cell
Enzymatic
gland cell
Interstitial cell
Cnidocil
Cnidocyte
Sensory cell
Epithelio-muscle cell nucleus
Nerve cell

14. Capturing Prey LET’S EAT!!!
cnidarians are carnivores (eat meat) that use tentacles arranged in a ring around their mouth to capture prey
when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell called the cnidocyte, a harpoon/spear called nematocyst shoots out & injects poison into the prey

15. Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Nematocyst at work: WE DO WORK!!! 
Nematocyst (harpoon)
Cnidocyte (stinging cell)

16. TYPE NEMATOCYTE
PENGGULUNG (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil berfungsi untuk menggulung mangsa
PENUSUK (PENETRANT) : berukuran besar mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh mangsa
TIPE PEREKAT (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat.

17. RACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRA TDK MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat mematikan.
NEMATOCYTE hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian dibuang.
UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan 25% nematocyte.
Penggantian kehilangan nematocyte tersebut memerlukan waktu 48 jam.

18. Gastrodermis terdiri atas beberapa macam sel:
Sel Otot Pencerna yang Berflagela
Sel Kelenjar Enzim
Sel Kelenjar Lendir
Kecuali Hydra, kebanyakan Coelenterata mempunyai
nematocyst di dalam lapisan gastrodermis.
Pada beberapa jenis Hydra sp., di dalam gastrodermis
terdapat zoochlorella yang hidup bersimbiosis.

19. Digestion
Sac w/ a digestive cavity (gastrovascular cavity) w/ a single opening that acts as a mouth/anus
Jellyfish
Hydra

20. Digestion (cont.)
food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity where digestion begins (extracellular digestion)
undigested remains leave through the mouth/anus

21. Respiration Excretion
Diffusion- oxygen from water moves into sponge cells (high to low)
Excretion
mouth/anus- release waste

22. Reproduction
Asexual – budding- formation of outgrowths that pinch off from parent to live independently
Sexual- forms a zygote and free swimming planula that settles on ocean floor
*MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP & MEDUSA LIFE FORM
planktonic larval stage called a planula

23. Reproduction (cont.)
PLANULA. : the very young usually flattened oval or oblong free-swimming ciliated larva of a coelenterate
Asexual  happened at polyp stage by budding
Sexual  at medusa stage

24. Phylogeny of Cnidaria
Cladogram based on molecular systematic data

25. Class Hydrozoa Most varied and derived of the cnidarian groups
Includes freshwater species (hydra spp)
Colonial species common
Most have typical dimorphic life cycle
Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra)
Examples of medusa-only forms (Gonionemus)

26. Atypical Hydrozoans Hydra Lacks medusa stage Asexual - budding
Sexual - gametes

27. Atypical Hydrozoans Gonionemus – reduced polyp form Fig. 13.12
Gonionemus is a genus of hydrozoans that uses adhesive discs near the middle of each tentacle to attach to eelgrass, sea lettuce, or various types of algae instead of swimming. They are small and hard to see when hanging onto swaying seaweed
EXUMBRELLA. : the top of the umbrella of a jellyfish
SUBUMBRELLA: the concave inner surface of the umbrella of a jellyfish or other medusa.
GONAD lay in the main body structure, or manubrium

28. Colonial Hydrozoans Colony of specialized hydranths
Gonangia (gonozooids) – reproduction
Gastrozooids – feeding
Dactyolozooids – catching prey
hydranths
Fig. 13.1

29. Colonial Hydrozoans Gonotheca  the protective covering of a gonangium
Gonagium  A capsule which encloses the blastostyle of some hydroids
Gonophore  an asexually produced bud in hydrozoans that gives rise to the equivalent of a medusa
HYDROTHECA. : a cup-shaped extension of the perisarc in hydroids of the group Leptomedusae that surrounds and protects the hydranths when they are contracted.
Hydranth  any of the feeding individuals (zooids) of a hydroid colony, individual hydranth = Gastrozooid

30. Colonial Hydrozoans Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis)
Polyp – air bag
Feeding & reproductive hydranths - tentacles
is not actually a single multicellular organism, but a colony of specialized minute individuals called zooids.[1] These zooids are attached to one another and physiologically integrated to the extent that they are incapable of independent survival.
Its venomous tentacles can deliver a painful sting.
responsible for up to 10,000 human stings in Australia each summe

31. Colonial Hydrozoans Fire Corals NOT TRUE CORAL TRUE CORAL
Hydrozoan colony
TRUE CORAL
Anthozoan colony
Cnidocytes cause severe pain
Fig
more closely related to Hydra and other hydrozoans
Fire corals ey have very small nematocysts contain tentacles that protrude from numerous surface pores (similar to jellyfish stings). In addition, fire corals have a sharp, calcified external skeleton that can scrape the skin

32. Dimorphic Life Cycle and Reproductive Modes
Asexual
Budding
Medusa buds
Polyp buds
Sexual
Gonadal tissue
Gametes
Fertilization, embryogenesis
Planula larvae
Fig. 13.Fig. 13

33. Obelia Reproduction
Around the in­side of the open­ing is a mus­cu­lar ring of tis­sue called the velum. The velum can con­tract and relax, chang­ing the di­am­e­ter of the open­ing, and play­ing an im­por­tant role in swim­ming The pres­ence of the velum is a di­ag­nos­tic char­ac­ter for Hy­dro­zoa, only one genus, Obelia

34. Class Scyphozoa Typically thought of as jellyfish & active predators
Range from thimble size to queen-size mattresses
Most have typical dimorphic life cycle
Polyp stage is atypical
Majority of life cycle spent in medusa form
Mostly medusas which reproduce sexually
Polyp stages early in life

35. Scyphozoan Life Cycle
Fig

36. Aurelia aurita (Moon jelly)
Fig

37. Class Scyphozoa Sea thimble jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata), Honduras
Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) that swarm in the spring
Adults and larvae (“sea lice”) may cause a severe skin reaction in humans
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

38. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Class Scyphozoa
Upside down jellyfish (Cassiopea xamachana) from Bermuda, with zooxanthellae
This specimen is swimming up to the surface, where its reflection is visible
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

39. CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa
Jellyfish (Mastigias sp., family Rhizostomeae) from Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Pacific
Have lost their ability to sting and depend on zooxanthellae for nutrition
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

40. CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa
Lion’s Mane Jelly (Cyanea capillata)
Bell – 6 ft
Tentacles – 120 ft

41. Class Cubozoa
Fig

42. Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa
Carybdeid, Darwin, Australia
Carybdea sivickisi
South pacific

43. Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa
Chironex fleckeri
Size of human head with tentacles (4) up to 9 ft long
18-24 ft of tentacles can deliver enough poison to kill in <5 min.

44. Class Anthozoa Anemones & Corals Lack medusa form
Form colonies (especially coral)

45. Class Anthozoa Largest class existing only as polyps
Includes anemones, coral, sea pansies, sea fans, and sea whips
Nearly all contain symbiotic algae, dinoflagellates, in exchange for food
Many of the brilliant colors come from the algae
Some reproduce asexually by budding
Others sexual with sperm and egg being released into the ocean where fertilization occurs
Zygotes develop into planulae that settle and develop into polyps

46. Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp Form
Fig

47. CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa
giant anemone or purple-tipped anemone (Condylactis gigantea) often harbors cleaning shrimp among its tentacles
Common in Bermuda and the Caribbean
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

48. Anemone with Anemone Fish
Fig

49. Fig

50. Class Anthozoa – Hard Coral
Hexacorallia – 6-fold symmetry
Precipitate Ca3(CO3)2 from sea water to produce skeletal structures that become coral reefs
Contain zooxanthella
Fig

51. Class Anthozoa – soft corals
Octocorallia – 8-fold symmetry
Form complex tube-like skeletal structures
Lack zooxanthella
Fig

52. Reefs Shallow tropical waters
Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass hexacorallia, order scleractinia)
Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates
Precipitate CaCO3 to form “exoskeleton”
Fig a
Hermatypic corals, or stony corals, are reef-building corals, while corals that do not deposit aragonite structures and contribute to coral reef development are referred to as ahermatypic (non-reef-building) species
Aragonite occurs as acicular (needlelike) or tabular crystals, or as fibrous aggregates. It is found in gypsum deposits, at the tips of calcite crystals, in mollusk shells and pearls, and in living reef structures. It is a polymorph of calcite. Chemical formula: CaCO3.

53. Zooxanthella Green algae
Zooxanthella  a yellowish-brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates

54. Atoll
Fig b
a ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral

55. Phylum Ctenophora Comb-jellies <100 species Lack cnidocytes
Rows of cells with fused cilia – comb-plates
<100 species
Lack cnidocytes
Complete digestive tract

56. Ctenophore Morphology
Fig d

57. Ctenophore Morphology
Fig b

58. Ctenophore Body Forms Biradial symmetry Some are bilateral
Two tentacle clusters
Even # comb rows\
Some are bilateral
Fig

59. terimakasih