1. STEADY STATE UNIVERSE by Eric Karlan

2. The Basics Who: Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle When: 1948 Where: Earth What: Proposed the Steady State Theory Why: An alternative theory to the Big Bang

3. The Theory The universe is always the same, all the time, always static, always contracting or expanding.

4. THE LOGIC Based on theoretical mathematical calculations No sudden beginning to universe Decrease in density caused by expansion balanced by continuous creation of matter condensing into galaxies Maintain forever present appearance of the universe

5. The Workings Reservoir of energy is negative: Expansion and creation work against each other Small number of atoms needed annually to maintain steady state

6. The Contributions Explains hydrogen and helium abundance in the universe Contributes to Wheeler-Feynman Theory

7. The Refutation Distribution of Radio Sources 1966: Discovery of Quasars Cosmic Background Radiation

8. The Meaning Radio galaxies and quasars occur only at very large distances Implies red-shift Thus, evolution of universe X

9. The Conclusion The Big Bang Model prevails present day Steady State theory helped to prove Big Bang through its testability

10. The Works Cited The Steady State Universe. Accessed 25 March, 2006. http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk /study/sci/cosmo/internal/steady.htm http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk /study/sci/cosmo/internal/steady.htm “Steady State Universe.” Wikipedia. 11 March, 2004. Accessed 25 March, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_sta te_universe