1. 351 Spath Turn of the Century (20 th ) and the First World War

2. Brief Review What we covered re Ottomans last Thursday… - Expansion - Systems and Strategies of Ottoman rule - Disintegration and decline (18 th c.) - Reform and consolidation period (19 th c.)

3. Abdulhamid II – leader from 1876-1909

4. - Committee of Union and Progress - Young Turk Revolt (1908) - Triple Entente and Ottoman Response - Ottoman Arabs Leading up to WWI

5. Young Turk Era (1908-1918) -Issues of Political Identity What would be the trajectory of the Ottoman state under the Young Turks? -Ottomanism and Turkism lacked resonance and ability to incorporate the people inside the empire - Arabs sought greater autonomy (more decentralized form of Ottoman rule) - Antagonism between Ottoman and Arab leaders compounded Arab’s search for new political identity and opposition to Ottoman rule

6. World War I - Triple Entente (GB, France, Russia) - Ottoman Response - focus on militarization - developing relationship with Germany (entente powers were the threat) - British imperial interests in the war - Ottoman neutrality - Key Tradeoff – costs and benefits of occupying territory - SUEZ CANAL - Ottomans enter the war (1914)

7. Arab Revolt - Hussein-McMahon Correspondence (1915-1916) - Initial victories, then decline in momentum and strength - Reinvigoration - T.E. Lawrence and Emir Feisel - Allenby’s forces with Arab help overwhelm Ottomans

8. Sharif Hussein ibn Ali

9. Hussein- McMahon Correspondence (1915-16)

10. A diplomatic mess… - Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) - Initial victories, then decline in momentum and strength - Reinvigoration - T.E. Lawrence and Emir Feisel - Allenby’s forces with Arab help overwhelm Ottomans - Balfour Declaration - Paris Peace Conference (1919), San Remo Conference (1920), Council of League of Nations (1922) - Cairo Conference (1921)

11. Sykes-Picot agreement

12. Balfour Declaration (1917)