1. Geological Sequestration of C Carbon Sequestration Module IX: CO 2 Sequestration and Oil Recovery, Permian Basin, USA Maurice Dusseault Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo

2. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin, USA  Largest CO 2 - EOR region in the World  ~150,000 b/d oil is produced from Permian Bsn using CO 2  This requires about 30 × 10 6 tonnes/yr CO 2

3. Geological Sequestration of C From oil atlas Make small production table Salt Creek 356 MMBO Cogdell 264 MMBO Sacroc 1,264 MMBO SACROC Field, Texas

4. Geological Sequestration of C CO 2 Behavior…  Extremely complex…  Oil swelling with CO 2 adsorption  Interfacial tension issues (changes as a function of p, T, oil chemistry…)  Diffusion rates into H 2 O, oil…  Phase relationships in mixtures of gases, liquids (e.g SC-CO 2 + oil + H 2 O), …  Changes in rock wettability…  Formation of hydrate phases…

5. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin, USA  Largest CO 2 - EOR region in the World  ~150,000 b/d oil is produced from Permian Bsn using CO 2  This requires about 30 × 10 6 tonnes/yr CO 2  Ratio is 30/8 t CO2/t oil

6. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin CO 2 History  Permian Basin fields are largely carbonate reefs  Seals generally excellent, the level of tectonic activity minor  O&G E&P infra- structure exists  Anthropogenic CO 2 sources David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum SACROC

7. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin Stratigraphy

8. Geological Sequestration of C Reservoir Model of Northern Platform, Sacroc Field F. Jerry Lucia, Charles Kerans, Fred Wang, Hongliu Zeng Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geoscience The University of Texas at Austin

9. Geological Sequestration of C SACROC Location

10. Geological Sequestration of C From oil atlas Make small production table Salt Creek 356 MMBO Cogdell 264 MMBO Sacroc 1,264 MMBO

11. Geological Sequestration of C

12. Structure Top of Sacroc North Platform

13. Geological Sequestration of C

15. Approach Calculate average apparent rock-fabric number from core data for each stratigraphic layer. Calculate permeability profile for each well using apparent rock-fabric number from stratigraphy and total porosity from logs as input into global permeability transform. Interpolate permeability between wells constrained by seismic stratigraphy. Problem Only porosity and gamma-ray logs available. Highly variable rock fabrics typical of icehouse conditions.

16. Geological Sequestration of C Apparent Rock Fabric Number Total Porosity (fraction)

17. Geological Sequestration of C

18. CN 2 CN 3

19. Geological Sequestration of C

20. SACROC Unit CO 2 -EOR  Chevron & Shell 1970-1973 pro- ject collaboration  SACROC unit placed on large- scale CO 2 flood  First SC-CO 2 pipeline – 280 km  Generous tax breaks negotiated David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

21. Geological Sequestration of C Extensions – 1979-1990  Natural CO 2 discovered  Infrastructure extended to include many more fields  Tax credits (15%) provided + other tax breaks  Majors come in David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

22. Geological Sequestration of C Maturity - 1990 to 2005  Extension to other fields in the basin  More pipelines, compression, etc.  Tax incentives remain in place David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

23. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin Statistics (2004)  > 10 9 bbl produced using CO 2 -EOR  380×10 6 tonnes CO 2 sequestered  However, only 30×10 6 t anthropogenic CO 2  2500 km of CO 2 pipelines, since 1973  70 fields under CO 2 injection in 2005  Shell, Mobil, Amoco, Arco, Chevron plus, more recently, Apache, Kinder-Morgan, etc., as the majors have largely left  Tax incentives exist David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

24. Geological Sequestration of C Comments…  Without tax breaks + incentives, this development would have been improbable  One billion barrels of CO 2 -EOR oil  Natural CO 2 is cheap  Pure CO 2 gas reservoirs  CO 2 separated from CH 4 to meet pipelining specifications  Recycled, re-sequestered at the end of EOR  Anthropogenic amine-separated CO 2 from power plants is far more expensive

25. Geological Sequestration of C DOE-NETL Research?